Empire of China (1915–1916)

Infobox Former Country
native_name = 中華帝國
conventional_long_name = Empire of China
common_name = Empire of China|
continent = Asia
region = China
country = China
era =
status = Empire
status_text=
empire =
government_type = Monarchy
year_start = 1915
year_end = 1916|
event_start = Established
date_start = 12 December 1915
event_end = Abolished
date_end = 22 March 1916|
event1 = Outbreak of the National Protection War
date_event1 = 25 December 1915
event2 =
date_event2 =
event3 =
date_event3 =
event4 =
date_event4 = |
event_pre =
date_pre =
event_post =
date_post = |

p1 = Beiyang Government
flag_p1 = Flag of the Republic of China 1912-1928.svg
image_p1 =
s1 = Beiyang Government
flag_s1 = Flag of the Republic of China 1912-1928.svg
image_s1 =

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flag_type = Flag of Empire of China in actual use [http://www.aiplus.idv.tw/soviet/FCHINA.HTM 中國的旗幟] (Flags of China) zh icon] |


symbol =
symbol_type = |


image_map_caption = |
capital = Beijing
latd=39|latm=54|latNS=N|longd=116|longm=23|longEW=E|
national_motto =
national_anthem = Zhōnghuá xióng lì yǔzhòu jiān
"China heroically stands in the Universe"
common_languages = Chinese
religion =
currency = Chinese Yuan, Cash, Chinese coin
leader1 = Hongxian Emperor
year_leader1 = 1915-1916
leader =
title_leader = Emperor

The Empire of China (zh-tsp|t=中華帝國|s=中华帝国|p=Zhōnghuá Dìguó) was a short-lived attempt by statesman and general Yuan Shikai from late 1915 to early 1916 to reinstate monarchy in China. The attempt was ultimately a failure, but it set back the Republican cause by many years and fractured China into a hodgepodge of squabbling warlord factions.

Preparations for formation

After Yuan Shikai was installed as the second Provisional Great President of the Republic of China, he took various steps to consolidate his power and remove opposition leaders from office. To secure his own power he collaborated with various European powers as well as Japan. Around August 1915, he instructed Yang Du (楊度) "et al" to canvass support for a return of a monarchy. On 11 December 1915, a rubber-stamp assembly unanimously elected him as Emperor. Yuan ceremonially declined, but "relented" and immediately agreed when the National Assembly petitioned again that day.Kuo T'ing-i et al. "Historical Annals of the ROC (1911–1949)." Vol 1. pp 207–41.] On 12 December, Yuan, supported by his son Yuan Keding, declared the Empire of China, becoming the Great Emperor of China (中華帝國大皇帝), taking the era name Hongxian (洪憲). However, Yuan did not formally conduct the ascession rites. Soon after, Yuan started handing out titles of peerage to his closest relatives and friends, as well as those who he thought he could buy with titles.

The Aisin Gioro family, then living within the Forbidden City but as foreign monarchs rather than Chinese ones, "approved" of Yuan's accession, and even proposed a "royal marriage" of Yuan's daughter to Puyi.

Backlash

1916 was to be "Hongxian Year 1" (洪憲元年) rather than "Republic Year 5" (民國五年), but Yuan was opposed by not only the revolutionaries, but far more importantly by his subordinate military commanders, who believed that Yuan's assumption of the monarchy would allow him to rule without depending on the support of the military.

Province after province rebelled after his inauguration, starting with Yunnan, led by Yuan's governor Cai E and general Tang Jiyao and Jiangxi, led by governor Li Liejun (李烈鈞). The revolters formed the National Protection Army (護國軍) and thus began the National Protection War. This was followed by other provinces declaring independence from the Empire. Yuan's Beiyang generals, whose soldiers had not received pay once from the imperial government, did not put up an aggressive campaign against the National Protection Army and the Beiyang Army suffered numerous defeats despite being better trained and equipped than the National Protection Army.

Seeing Yuan's weakness and unpopularity, foreign powers withdrew their support (but did not choose sides in the war). The Empire of Japan first threatened to invade, then committed to overthrowing Yuan Shikai and recognised both sides of the conflict to be "in a state of war" and allowed Japanese citizens to help the Republicans. Faced with universal opposition, Yuan repeatedly delayed the accession rites to appease his foes. Funding for the ceremony was cut on 1 March. Yuan deliberated abandoning the monarchy with Liang Shiyi on 17 March and abandoned it on 22 March. The "Hongxian" year was abolished on 23 March and the "Republic" calendrical system restored. Yuan reigned a total of 83 days.After Yuan's death on 5 June Vice President Li Yuanhong assumed the presidency, and appointed Beiyang general Duan Qirui as his Premier and restored the National Assembly and the provisional Constitution. However, the central authority of the Beijing government was significantly weakened and the demise of Yuan's Empire plunged China into a period of warlordism.

National symbols

Although the name of the country in Chinese was changed to the "Empire of China" (and "Hongxian" for state matters), Yuan continued to use "Republic of China" as the English name.

Yuan set up the Ritual Regulations Office (禮制館), which issued the new official anthem "China heroically stands in the Universe" (中華雄立宇宙間) on June 1915. Its lyrics was written by Yin Chang (廕昌) and music by Wang Lu (王露). This anthem continued to be used during Yuan's imperial reign.

Yao was a legendary Chinese ruler. The era of "Yao" and "Shun" (堯天舜日) is a Four-character idiom which means times of peace and prosperity.

The national flag was changed from the original was the version commonly used.

List of people given peerage by Yuan

Prince of the First Rank Wuyi (武義親王 "Wǔyì qīn wáng")

*Li Yuanhong

Dukes of the First Rank (一等公 "Yī děng gōng")

*Long Jiguang (龍濟光)
*Zhang Xun
*Feng Guozhang
*Jiang Guiti (姜桂題)
*Duan Zhigui
*Ni Sichong
*Liu Guanxiong

Marquesses of the First Rank (一等侯 "Yī děng hóu")

*Tang Xiangming (湯薌銘)
*Li Chun (李純)
*Zhu Rui (朱瑞)
*Lu Rongting
*Zhao Ti (趙倜)
*Chen Yi
*Tang Jiyao
*Yan Xishan
*Wang Zhanyuan (王占元)

Counts of the First Rank (一等伯 "Yī děng bó")

*Zhang Xiluan (張錫鑾)
*Zhu Jiabao (朱家寶)
*Zhang Mingqi (張鳴岐)
*Tian Wenlie (田文烈)
*Jin Yunpeng
*Yang Zengxin (楊增新)
*Lu Jianzhang (陸建章)
*Meng Enyuan (孟恩遠)
*Qu Yinguang (屈映光)
*Qi Yaolin (齊耀琳)
*Cao Kun
*Yang Shande (楊善德)

Viscounts of the First Rank (一等子 "Yī děng zǐ")

*Zhu Qinglan (朱慶瀾)
*Zhang Guangjian (張廣建)
*Li Houji (李厚基)
*Liu Xianshi (劉顯世)

Barons of the First Rank (一等男 "Yī děng nán")

*Xu Shiying (許世英)
*Qi Yang (戚揚)
*Ren Kecheng (任可澄)
*Wang Yitang (王揖唐)
*He Zonglian (何宗蓮)
*Zhang Huaizhi (張懷芝)
*Long Jinuang (龍覲光)
*Chen Bingkun
*Lu Yongxiang (盧永祥)
*Lü Diaoyuan (呂調元)
*Jin Yong (金永)
*Cai Rukai (蔡儒楷)
*Duan Shuyun (段書雲)
*Long Jianzhang (龍建章)
*Shen Jinjian (沈金鑑)
*Pan Juying (潘矩楹)

Baron of the Third Rank (三等男 "Sān děng nán")

*Feng Yuxiang

ee also

* Warlord era
* History of the Republic of China
*Self-proclaimed monarchy
* Military of the Republic of China

References