- Protocanonical books
The Protocanonical books are those books of the
Old Testament which were coextensive with the Hebrew Bible and which have always been considered canonical by almost allChristians throughout history. The term "protocanonical" is often used to contrast these books to thedeuterocanonical books or apocrypha, which "were sometimes doubted" ["Old Testament of Douay", Vol. 1, Proemial Annotations, 1635] in the early church.Enumeration
These books are typically 39 in number in most English bibles. Based on the Jewish tradition of the
Tanakh , these same books may be counted as 24 books, counting the twelve minor prophets together as one book, one book each for 1 and 2 Samuel, 1 and 2 Kings, and 1 and 2 Chronicles, as well as a single book for Ezra and Nehemiah. In his prologues,Jerome [http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=218 "Prologus Galeatus"] , English translation] counted the same content as 22 books, combining Jeremiah with Lamentations and Judges with Ruth. The list given inCodex Hierosolymitanus numbers the same books at 27. [published by J.-P. Audet in [http://jts.oxfordjournals.org "JTS"] 1950, v1, pp. 135–154, cited in [http://www.ibri.org/DVD-1/RRs/RR013/13jamnia.html "The Council of Jamnia and the Old Testament Canon"] , Robert C. Newman, 1983.] [ [http://department.monm.edu/classics/Speel_Festschrift/sundbergJr.htm "The Old Testament of the Early Church" Revisited"] , Albert C. Sundberg, Jr., 1997.]These enumerations were sometimes given a numerological significance. [ [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/bible/prologi.shtml "Prologues of St. Jerome"] , Latin text] The 22-book enumeration was said to represent the number of letters in the
Hebrew alphabet ; the 5 double books (Judges/Ruth, 1/2 Samuel, 1/2 Kings, 1/2 Chronicles, Ezra/Nehemiah, and Jeremiah/Lamentations) representing the five Hebrew letters that have double forms, chaph, mem, nun, phe, and sade. The 24-book enumeration was said to be represented by the 24 elders who throw their crowns before the Lamb in theBook of Revelation . The 27-book enumeration balances one-for-one the 27 canonical books of theNew Testament .Controversy
The protocanonical books were widely but not universally accepted by Christians as being in the canon.
Athanasius omitted Esther [ [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2806039.htm "Letter 39"] , Athanasius of Alexandria, English translation] from his list. He may have been following an early 22-book Jewish canon, possibly the same one mentioned but not specified byJosephus .Theodore of Mopsuestia omittedSong of Songs ,Ecclesiastes , Job, and Ezra-Nehemiah to obtain a listing of 22 books. [ [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14571b.htm "Theodore of Mopsuestia"] , article from the Catholic Encyclopedia] Most famously,Marcion rejected all of the protocanonical books, preferring aBible consisting only of a restrictedNew Testament .List
The list of protocanonical books is
Genesis ,Exodus ,Leviticus , Numbers,Deuteronomy , Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1–2 Samuel, 1–2 Kings, 1–2 Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, Job,Psalms , Proverbs,Ecclesiastes ,Song of Solomon , Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi.New Testament
By analogy with the early and broad acceptance of the Hebrew scriptural texts, the term "protocanonical" is also sometimes used to describe those books of the
New Testament which were more widely accepted by the early Church than some of the other 27 books recognized today by almost all Christians. For more information concerning the development of the New Testament canon, see the articleBiblical canon .References
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