Rasos Cemetery

Rasos Cemetery ( _lt. Rasų kapinės, _pl. Cmentarz na Rossie) is the oldest and most famous cemetery in the city of Vilnius, Lithuania. It is named after the Rasos district where it is located. It is separated into two parts, the old and the new cemeteries, by a narrow Sukilėliai Street. The total area is 10.8 ha. Since 1990 new burials are allowed only to family graves.

History

1769 is widely cited in many sources as the date when the cemetery was founded. However, some historians believe it is a typo and the real date should be 1796. [lt icon cite journal | title=Vilniaus nekropolis ir panteonas |journal=Mokslas ir gyvenimas | first=Vida |last=Girininkienė | coauthors=Algirdas Paulauskas |year=1980 |issue=11 |id=ISSN 0134-3084] On April 24 1801 the new cemetery was consecrated. Two days later John Muller, the mayor of Vilnius, became the first person to be buried there. A formal document was signed in July 1801. It specified that the cemetery received 3.51 ha of land and that the cemetery will be free of charge to all city residents. It was the first cemetery in Vilnius not located next to a church.

In 1802-1807 two columbariums were built. They reached up to five stories in height and were joined at a right angle. At the end of the 19th century the columbariums began deteriorating. Instead of restoring them, the Soviet authorities demolished the right columbarium after the World War II and the left columbarium in 1970s. In between the columbariums, a neo-gothic red brick chapel was built in 1844-1850. In 1888 a matching belltower was added to the chapel. At first the cemetery was surrounded by a wooden fence, but it burned down in 1812. A brick fence was rebuilt in 1820 and portions of it survive to this day.

In 1814 the cemetery was expanded as authorities bought additional land from a city resident. The addition is now known as the Hill of the Literaries (Lithuanian: "Literatų kalnelis"). In 1847 Eastern Orthodoxs opened their own cemetery next to Rasos. It was used to bury soldiers from a nearby monastery hospital and poor city residents. Therefore it became known as the Cemetery of Orphans (Lithuanian: Našlaičių kapinės).

The Soviets closed the cemtery in 1967 and the cemetery suffered from neglect. The whole necropoly was to be destroyed in the 1980s as the Soviet authorities planned a major motorway to be built directly through the cemetery. Due to public outcry and economical difficulties the destruction was halted. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Lithuanian and Polish authorities collaborated in an effort to restore the cemetery.

Military cemetery

In 1920 a small military cemetery was built near the entrance for the soldiers who died in the city during the Polish-Bolshevik War and Polish-Lithuanian War. It was rebuilt in 1935-1936 by Wojciech Jastrzębowski, who also designed the tombstone where the heart of Józef Piłsudski is enshrined.

Until September 18, 1939, when the Red Army entered the city, a honorary guard of three soldiers stood there at all times. Three unknown soldiers who refused to give up their arms to the Soviets in 1939 were shot on the spot and are now buried next to Marshal Piłsudski's heart. Part of the cemetery contains graves of Polish Home Army soldiers, who fell during the Second World War. Their graves, demolished after World War II, were rebuilt by the funds of Republic of Poland in 1993.

Notable graves

There are many famous Poles, Lithuanians, and Belarusians buried there, including over fifty Vilnius University professors. Those interred there include:

*Jonas Basanavičius (1851–1927), physician, scientist, patriot, activist, signer of the Act of Independence of Lithuania
*Kazys Boruta (1905–1965), writer and politician
*Janina Burchardówna (1883–1924), journalist, teacher and freedom-fighter
*Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis (1875–1911), painter and composer
*Petras Cvirka (1909–1947), writer
*Wacław Dziewulski (1882–1938), physician, professor at Vilnius University
*Antonina Fiszer (1824–1840), actress
*Laurynas Gucevičius (1753–1798), architect [http://www.voruta.lt/article.php?article=424 lt icon Juozas Lebionka. "Laurynas Gucevičius palaidotas Rasos" (Laurynas Gucevičius is buried in Rasos). Voruta, No. 20 (542), 23 October 2003] ]
*Czesław Jankowski (1857–1929), poet
*Adam Jocher (1791–1860), founder of the first public library in Vilnius
*Joachim Lelewel (1786–1861), historian, professor at Vilnius University
*Józef Łukaszewicz (1863–1928), professor at Vilnius University and revolutionist
*Juliusz Kłos (1881–1933), architect, author of the first guidebook to Vilnius
*Józef Montwiłł (1850–1911), humanist and sponsor of hospitals, orphanages and museums
*Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas (1893–1967), writer
*Jan O'Connor (1760–1802), physician, professor at Vilnius University
*The heart of Józef Piłsudski (1867–1935), Polish statesman. Also his mother, two brothers, and first wife are buried at Rasos cemetery.
*Karol Podczaszyński (1790–1860), architect, professor at Vilnius University
*Franciszek Smuglewicz (1745–1807), painter, professor at Vilnius University
*Balys Sruoga (1896–1947), Lithuanian writer and concentration camp survivor.
*Jędrzej Śniadecki (1768–1838), physician, chemist, biologist, writer
*Władysław Syrokomla (1823–1862), writer
*Juozas Tallat–Kelpša (1889–1949), composer
*Count Eustachy Tyszkiewicz (1814–1873), historian, archaeologist
*Antanas Vileišis (1856–1919), physician, activist
*Jonas Vileišis (1872–1942), Lithuanian politician, mayor of Kaunas, signer of the Act of Independence of Lithuania
*Petras Vileišis (1851–1926), engineer, Lithuanian activist
*Povilas Višinskis (1875–1906), book smugler, writer
*Antoni Wiwulski (1877–1919), architect and sculptor
*Tadeusz Wróblewski, (1858-1925)lawyer, bibliophile
*Bronisław Wróblewski (1888–1941), lawyer

There is also a mass grave of Poles kidnapped in 1919 from Vilnius by the Bolsheviks and shot at Daugavpils.

See also

*Antakalnis Cemetery
*Bernardine Cemetery

External links

* [http://www.heritage.lt/kpip/rasu-kapines.pdf Tourist brochure about the cemetery]
* [http://www.radzima.org/pub/pomnik.php?lang=en&nazva_id=vlvlviln45 Series of photos of the cemetery]

References

:;In-line::;General:
* cite book | first=Bronius |last=Kviklys |title= Lietuvos bažnyčios. V tomas: Vilniaus arkiviskupija, I dalis | year=1985 |publisher= Lithuanian Library Press |location=Chicago, Illinois |pages=407-413 |isbn=0-932042-54-6