Zafra (agriculture)

The "zafra" refers to the late summer or early autumn harvest and is a common term in countries with Arabic or Spanish influence.

In the Caribbean, the term generally refers to the sugar cane harvest (Rojas: 226). There, the "zafra" runs from January through May (Gorry and Stanley: 141), whereas in the Mediterranean it occurs in September to October. In each case, however, the "zafra" was closely tied to the life cycle of sugar. Because in the Caribbean cane is ready for harvest at a time of year different than in Spain or North Africa, the meaning of the term has shifted.

The term became well-known internationally during the 1960s due to its importance in Cuba. Many leftists visited Cuba during the "zafra" season to help harvest sugar cane, Cuba's principal crop. The Cuban government for several decades made the "La Gran Zafra" 'The Great Zafra' a centerpiece of both its economic policy and its international relations campaign. Each year, the government urged everyone to help make the "zafra" the biggest ever. Schools were often closed, and urban residents frequently relocated to the countryside to assist with the harvest. [http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/havana/Sugar2.htm] In particular, the goal of reaching the Ten Million Ton "Zafra" was as much a commonplace of Cuban propaganda as were the apologies and explanations for why the goal was not reached (Pollitt).

Etymology

Linguists agree that the term "zafra" entered Spanish from Arabic, but there is some disagreement about the precise origins of the term. Some believe it comes from "zāfar" or "zafariya" 'harvest time' [http://galeon.hispavista.com/toponimosdezafra/epilogo.html] , while others believe the term derives from "saʔifah" 'gathering time' [http://www.maderuelo.com/historia_y_arte/historia/arabismos.html] . In Spain, the term referred to harvests that took place in September and October and was especially often used to describe the harvest of sugar cane, a crop whose production was brought from Arab lands.

References

*Baker, Christopher P. 'Moon Handbooks: Cuba'. Avalon Travel Publishing, 6^th edition, 2007. ISBN 1-56691-802-2
* Pollitt, Katha. "Memories of Underdevelopment," "New York Times", February 29, 2004 [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE7DF103DF93AA15751C0A9629C8B63]
*Rojas, Ursino. "Life at the Mill," in "The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics", edited by Aviva Chomsky, Duke University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8223-3197-7

External links

* [http://galeon.hispavista.com/toponimosdezafra/epilogo.html Etymology, in Spanish]
* [http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/havana/Sugar2.htm Description of the "zafra", both in the past and present]