Jaywalking

:"This is about pedestrians and traffic. For the recurring Jay Leno segment, see his recurring segments." or intersection in jurisdictions where this is illegal.

Etymology

According to one historian, the earliest known use of the word "jaywalker" in print was in the "Chicago Tribune" in 1909. [ [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/technology_and_culture/] Peter D. Norton, "Street Rivals: Jaywalking and the Invention of the Motor Age Street," "Technology and Culture" 48 (April 2007), 331-359 (342). ] (The earliest citation in the "Oxford English Dictionary" is from 1917.) The term's dissemination was due in part to a deliberate effort by promoters of automobiles, such as local auto clubs and dealers, to redefine streets as places where pedestrians do not belong. [ [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/technology_and_culture/] Norton, "Street Rivals." ] It is a compound word of the words "jay" and "walk"; "jay" refers to a foolish rural person—a rube—unfamiliar with city ways. No historical evidence supports an alternative folk etymology by which the word is traced to the letter "J" (characterizing the route a jaywalker follows).

Legality of Jaywalking

When used in the technical sense, jaywalking specifically refers to violation of pedestrian traffic regulations and laws, and is therefore illegal.

In many countries, such regulations do not exist, and jaywalking is an unknown concept.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom (except Northern Ireland) it is legal to cross all roads except motorways, which forbids all pedestrians and slower vehicles.The Highway Code contains additional rules for crossing a road safely, [ [http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/TravelAndTransport/Highwaycode/DG_070108 1-35: Rules for pedestrians : Directgov - Travel and transport] ] but these are recommendations and not legally enforceable, although as with other advisory parts of the Highway Code compliance or otherwise can be used to establish liability in legal proceedings.cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1988/Ukpga_19880052_en_2.htm#mdiv38|title=Road Traffic Act 1988 (c.52), s.38(7)|accessmonthday=3 August|accessyear=2006|publisher=Office of Public Sector Information] The term "jaywalking" is not used.

The highway code specifically mentions the special case of a car turning into a road which a pedestrian is already crossing. In this case the pedestrian has priority. [ [http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/TravelAndTransport/Highwaycode/DG_070332 Road Junctions] ]

In UK schools children are taught to cross roads safely through the Green Cross Code. British children are taught to "Stop, Look, Listen and Think", before crossing a road.

In Northern Ireland jaywalking can be charged at Police discretion and usually only in the case of an accident when clearly witnessed. Otherwise, Northern Ireland is essentially the same as elsewhere in the UK.

North America

Almost all urban areas in the United States and Canada require pedestrians to cross at crosswalks or intersections and to obey pedestrian traffic signals. Jaywalking is primarily considered an infraction but in some jurisdictions, it is a misdemeanor or requires a court appearance. It typically carries a warning or modest fine or not more than one week in jail. In some cities (e.g. New York City), although still illegal, jaywalking is so common that it is generally considered harmless, and police only detain jaywalkers if their behavior is excessively dangerous or disruptive. In California, a pedestrian may, in general, cross a roadway anywhere along the road, with limited exceptions such as between two adjacent intersections that are both controlled by a traffic signal device; local jurisdictions may enact stricter laws than state laws. [ [http://www.tozerlaw.com/jaywalking_california.html California] ] .

Penalties for jaywalking vary by municipality. For example, in Tempe, Arizona, as of June 2006 jaywalking carried fines up to US$ 118. A sampling of other U.S. cities found fines ranging from US$ 1 [ [http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/08/06/punishable_by_a_fine_of_1/ Boston] ] to US$ 750.

Australia

In Australia it is illegal to cross the road at an intersection when a pedestrian light is red or flashing red. If no such pedestrian light exists, the traffic lights are used, making it illegal to proceed on green or orange. Furthermore it is illegal to cross any road within 20 metres of a intersection with pedestrian lights or within 20 meters of any pedestrian crossing (including a zebra crossing, school crossing or any other pedestrian crossing). The penalty for Jaywalking is AUD 30. However laws against jaywalking are rarely enforced. Some roads, such as roads with a record of pedestrian accidents, feature fences in their centres to discourage pedestrians, but there is no law against traversing them. [http://www.qmtlaw.com.au/content/Document/Consumer_Law_Alert_November_2006.pdf]

New Zealand

In New Zealand people can be fined NZD 35 for crossing a road without using a marked crossing if there is one within 20 meters, or crossing against a "red man" light.

ingapore

Singapore has arguably the harshest punishment for jaywalkingFact|date=May 2008. First offenses may go for up to SGD 500 (USD 370), as well as up to three months in jail. Repeat offenders may receive a SGD 2000 fine, and up to five to six months imprisonment [ [http://www.singapore-window.org/sw03/030713af.htm Singapore lists jaywalking as a punishable offence ] ] .

Causes

In many areas, jaywalking has become commonplace and continues to increase. This can be attributed to many factors, including vehicles parked on the sidewalk and road works.

In some areas, roads have become actively unfriendly to pedestrians, with long gaps between intersections with crosswalks. Some four-way intersections feature fewer than four crosswalks, forcing pedestrians to make three crossings instead of one in order to remain legal. In these situations, jaywalking may occur out of inconvenience, annoyance, or active protest.

In some cases, jaywalkers are engaging in a minor form of civil disobedience. These individuals cite further ways in which roads have become less pedestrian-friendly, including reduced or removed lighting at night, and the removal of sidewalks on one or both sides of the road. To them, jaywalking is a means of expressing their discontent with the road system and its lack of consideration for non-vehicular traffic.

afety

Jaywalking safety depends on many factors, including but not limited to the following:

* The presence or absence of traffic
* The speed and volume of traffic (if present)
* The pedestrian's level of diligence and attentiveness
* How far the pedestrian can see down the road
* How visible the pedestrian is
* The presence of parked vehicles
* The distance to the nearest point where additional unseen traffic may appear, typically intersections
* Number of inexperienced jaywalkers attempting to cross
* The number of lanes to cross
* The speed limit of the road
* Current condition of the road (wet, icy, etc.)
* The size of the break in traffic selected for crossing (if present)
* How common jaywalking is in the area

Jaywalking is generally safest in quiet residential neighbourhoods, where cars travel slowly, stop frequently, and are accustomed to dealing with crossing pedestrians. In some quieter neighbourhoods, the road and sidewalk are interchangeable for pedestrians; they may make long diagonal crossings in the absence of traffic, or walk entirely on the road for many reasons, including poor sidewalk conditions (e.g. snow). Traffic laws regarding pedestrians in these areas are largely ignored in favour of mutual respect, with pedestrians making room for cars, and cars making wide arcs to give pedestrians a comfortable margin.

Some supporters of jaywalking argue that on certain streets, jaywalking can be safer than crossing properly at an intersection. When a pedestrian crosses at an intersection, there is traffic going three or more different directions, with four directions being standard in almost all cases. Vehicles may go straight, or they may turn left or right across the pedestrian's path. This is typically at high speed, sometimes without signalling, and sometimes while running red lights at even higher speeds. However, drivers may be more likely to expect pedestrians at a corner than in the middle of the block.

In the middle of the block, cars are traveling in only two directions. If there is a raised median in the centre of the road, traffic is further reduced to one direction during each stage of the crossing. The pedestrian must only monitor one or two directions and can easily see and track all oncoming traffic. Once a break forms in the traffic, the pedestrian can cross, with little or no risk of being hit by an unseen vehicle.

Variants of this argument exist. In downtown Montreal, independent of the above argument, some also claim that it can be safer to cross at a crosswalk when the light is red. They argue that many local drivers practice very aggressive driving habits; in particular, that they have a tendency to turn right at high speed, without consideration for crossing pedestrians. However, right turns on a red light are illegal on all of the island, so a pedestrian crossing against the light has little risk of being hit by a car approaching from behind and turning right.

References

ee also

*Effects of the automobile on societies
*Crosswalk
*Misdemeanor
*Reclaim the Streets

External links

* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6251431.stm What every Brit should know about jaywalking] ; BBC News