Battle of Pinjarra

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict="Battle" or "Massacre" of Pinjarra
date=October 28, 1834
place=Pinjarra, Western Australia
result=Full flight of Aborigines
combatant1=British colonists
combatant2=Binjareb people
commander1=Governor Captain James Stirling
commander2=Possibly Calyute
strength1=25 attackers, settlers and soldiers
strength2=60-80 men, women and children
casualties1=possibly 1 dead, 1 injured
casualties2=unknown, possibly 14-40 dead, unknown number injuredThe Battle of Pinjarra was a conflict that occurred in Pinjarra, Western Australia, between a group of 60 to 80 Australian Aborigines and a detachment of 25 soldiers and policemen led by Governor James Stirling in 1834. The name 'battle' is disputed by some who argue that the event was part of an invasion of Aboriginal lands and that the name 'battle' disguises the true nature of the conflict, which was more of a 'massacre'. [Reynolds, Henry 1987) "Frontier" (Allen and Unwin)] Others counter that that claim can not be substantiated by reliable primary sources and is tainted by political motives.

The background

During the early years of British settlement in and around the Swan River Colony, records suggest a policy of co-existence was encouraged by the settlers who had established the colony to protect the west coast of Australia from a perceived invasion by the French. However, this policy evolved into one of containing increasing attacks on persons and property by the indigenous population after a number of payback killings for the shooting of Aborigines by settlers.

Robert Menli Lyon had commented on the fact that some of the soldiers from Tasmania would as soon shoot an Aboriginal as shoot a kangaroo [Bourke, Michael J "On the Swan: A history of the Swan district, Western Australia"(Uni of WA Press)] and there had been Aboriginal payback attacks on settlers, including the killing of Nesbitt, a servant of Thomas Peel. Captain Frederick Irwin, the lieutenant governor in Stirling's absence, had inflamed the situation, adopting a soldier's attitude to crush a warlike group of Aborigines and reduce them to a state of subjection.

"It was this unyielding, overbearing attitude that had alienated [Irwin] from the body of Swan River settlers and caused them to burn him in effigy on the eve of his departure. It was a narrow, regimented view of frontier problems and, perhaps, part of the blame for the Pinjarra massacre can be attributed to Irwin and his unsympathetic administration of Aboriginal affairs during James Stirling's absence." [Green, Neville, (1984) "Broken Spears: Aboriginals and Europeans in the south west of Western Australia"(Focus) P.105]

Governor Stirling had been visiting the 400-km-distant seaport of Albany and bad weather caused his return to be delayed until September. In response to calls from Pinjarra settlers for protection against the increased hostility of local Binjareb Aborigines led by Calyute, Stirling organised a mounted force of police, bushmen and ex-soldiers. Their brief was to protect settlers, safeguard Aboriginal mail-carriers and confront the Binjareb on the Murray River. A small garrison at Dandalup had been withdrawn from fear of Aboriginal reprisals after they had shot some Aboriginal people.

The Binjareb tribe had a reputation with other local Aboriginal tribes for their aggression and attacks on other Aborigines and settlers. It is possible that their motives for attacking the local settlers were part of an attempt to assert their power amongst other local tribes and to take advantage of the political upheaval caused by the arrival of the British settlers, and the death of many Perth Wadjuk Aborigines. Stirling and others, drawing on the experience of Scottish clans and native American Indians of North America, were afraid of a possible alliance between the Binjareb and Weeip's Wadjuk people in the Upper Swan, and sought to prevent such an alliance by an attack on the Aboriginal people to the south [Stannage, C.T. (1981) "A New History of Western Australia" (UWA Press)] . Stirling's attack at Pinjarra was specifically to collectively punish the Binjareb for their earlier individual attacks, to re-establish a barracks on the road to the south, and enable Thomas Peel to attract settlers into his lands at Mandurah. This followed an earlier failure by Surveyor General Septimus Roe and pastoralist Thomas Peel who had led an expedition to the area with the goal of improving security and negotiating peaceful co-existence. Stirling wanted a "decisive action" that would end the attacks "once and for all".Fact|date=January 2008

The Preparation

Stirling had wanted to begin on the 17th October, but a Murray man seen in Perth was suspected of being a spy for Calyute and so the expedition was delayed one week.

On the morning of Saturday 25th October, Stirling and Roe left Perth and travelled southwards to the Preston Ferry, there waiting for Surveyor George Smyth and Corporal Delmidge, who had brought supplies south by boat from Perth. Spare horses from the ferry were loaded with supplies as the party set off to Hamilton Hill, skirting Fremantle to the East. There they were joined by Captain Ellis and the 5 mounted police, Captain Meares and his son, Seymore. They then rode south to Thomas Peel's, where they were joined by Mr Peel, and two others. On the morning of 27th October, 10 soldiers of the 21st regiment, 2 corporals and 8 privates arrived at Peel's homestead to join the party. Ammunition was issued to a party on October 27, 1834, and they were issued with several week's supplies, as the soldiers were to remain at Pinjarra and establish the planned garrison there. Leaving Peel's farm they crossed the Serpentine River and went forward to the Murray delta where tracks of a sizable group of Aboriginal men women and children were discovered heading towards Pinjarra. In the late afternoon, they camped at Jinjanuk, 10 miles from the mouth of the Murray River, so that they could begin the attack early next morning when they judged the Aboriginal group would be least prepared.

The Massacre

The group was awoken 2 hours before dawn on October 28, and ate breakfast in the dark. By eight o'clock the party had rejoined the Murray where the river was 30 metres across flowing between steep red loam banks, continuing northwards to cross the Oakley brook at about 8.35am. Peel approached along the western bank of the river and returned to tell of a settlement of about 20 bark beehive shaped mia mia in the bend of the river. The weather broke and it started to rain heavily, as Captain Ellis, Mr Norcott and three of the police attacked from the south.

The Aboriginal men gathered up their spears and woomeras, as the women and children fled towards the river, where Captain Stirling, Captain Meares, Thomas Peel and 12 others were waiting in hiding. Ellis was soon in a melee with the Aborigines, and Norcott, recognising a troublemaker called Noonaar, shot him with his double-barreled shotgun, causing the first casualty. Five or more Aboriginal people were killed in the first charge, and the remainder of the Aboriginal group then turned and ran towards the river, intending to cross and scatter into the hills. One of the eldest women in the tribe, Teelak, was shot dead with her 4 year old daughter screaming violently. At least 13 other children and women were then shot.

Stirling, hearing the shots reacted quickly. Roe was sent with four others to prevent the group escaping south and guard the pack horses at the ford. The governor and 14 others in a line abreast then ambushed the surprised Aborigines who had crossed the river. Ellis had been dislodged from his horse but Norcott continued pushing the group into the river where they were caught in a withering crossfire. The flood-scoured slopes gave the men, women and children little cover as they tried to hide behind what logs or bushes, there were. Many ducked into the water, holding their breath as long as they could. Some tried to float downstream out of range, but the water was too shallow to permit their escape. They too were shot, Roe's journal records "Very few wounded were suffered to escape". Soldiers fired indiscriminately at all caught in the ambush and when they were all slain, the posse remounted to chase the others who had fled north into the bush. By 10.05am it was all over, and because of the seriousness of two of the European wounded, Stirling decided to return immediately to Mandurah.

Casualties

On the settlers side, Corporal Heffron was wounded in the arm, but recovered to later take part in Balardong Aboriginal massacres in the York area. Captain Ellis either from a glancing blow from a spear or from the fall off his horse, was suffering concussion, and later died on the 11th of November after having been in a coma for 2 weeks. A folk ballad, "the Jackets of Green" honouring Ellis, was later composed and sung around Guildford and Perth taverns.

On the Aboriginal side there are conflicting reports. 60-70 Aboriginal men, women and children, in the camp had been subjected to intensive fire of 24 guns for an hour, and for another half hour the survivors were hunted through the bush. No male prisoners were taken alive and all wounded were immediately shot. At the end of hostilities 8 women and a few children were taken as captive. In his report Stirling claimed 15 Aboriginal men had been killed. Roe estimated the dead at 15-20. But these numbers don't seem to have included women and children. Captain Daniel, whom Stirling sent to later survey the "battleground" implied that many more were killed than officially acknowledged, as he found several mass graves , but the rain and his fear of an attack made exhuming the bodies for an official count impossible.

Francis Armstrong and Thomas Peel later attempted an official count by interviewing the Aborigines Ninda and Colling, who had been present. Some 11 names were given, but given the prohibition in Noongar culture in speaking of the dead, their task was almost impossible. Amongst the dead were Unia, Calyute's youngest son, and Gummol, who had been flogged for his part in the earlier attack on Shenton's Mill. Two of Calyute's wives were amongst the wounded; Yornup's lower leg had been shot away, and Mindip had been shot in left arm and right thigh.

At the end of the hostilities Stirling gave the natives a terrifying warning. If there were any retaliatory payback killings from the Binjareb, he declared, "not one would be allowed to remain alive on this side of the Mountains (i.e. the Darling Scarp)".

Consequences

The consequences of the massacre seem to have increased and intensified the settler's fears rather than allayed them. The belief that Aboriginal people would unite to drive the colonists out persisted into the 1850s, and the massacre of Aborigines gathering for a corroboree at Whiteman Park near Guildford. Mounted police continued regular patrols in the area, and the police force at Mandurah continued though there was no further trouble. Thomas Peel continued to call for action to wipe out and exterminate the rest of the Binjareb, who he called "a nest of hornets", despite the fact that there were no further payback reprisals.

The killing of so many Binjareb caused a major population imbalance between rival Aboriginal groups, with Swan and Canning Wadjuk and York Balardong attempting to profit from the decimation of the Murray Binjareb. Stirling also personally profited, as he was able to take ownership of Binjareb lands in the Harvey district, untroubled.

Five months after the massacre, the Murray group sent a deputation to the Governor seeking an end to hostilities and the later killings that had followed. Maigo, of the Wadjuk went as a messenger, and the Binjareb promised support for actions of the Governor. With the Wadjuk camped at the fresh water Doodinup spring at what is now Spring Street, and the Binjareb camped at the Deedyallup water-hole near the present ABC Building, a joint corroboree and distribution of 50 loaves of bread sealed the peace [Vinnicombe, Patricia (1989) "Goonininup: A site complex on the Southern side of Mount Eliza: An Historical perspective of land use and associations in the old Swan brewery area" (WA Museum)] . Calyute survived the massacre, but his continued existence annoyed Thomas Peel. Calyute equally hated Peel, biting his beard whenever he saw his old enemy.

References