Topological conjugacy

Topological conjugacy

In mathematics, two functions are said to be topologically conjugate to one another if there exists a homeomorphism that will conjugate the one into the other. Topological conjugacy is important in the study of iterated functions and more generally dynamical systems, since, if the dynamics of one iterated function can be solved, then those for any topologically conjugate function follow trivially.

To illustrate this directly: suppose that "f" and "g" are iterated functions, and there exists an "h" such that

:g=h^{-1}circ fcirc h,

so that "f" and "g" are topologically conjugate. Then of course one must have

:g^n=h^{-1}circ f^ncirc h,

and so the iterated systems are conjugate as well. Here, circ denotes function composition.

As examples, the logistic map and the tent map are topologically conjugate. Furthermore, the logisitic map of unit height and the Bernoulli map are topologically conjugate.

Definition

Let X and Y be topological spaces, and let fcolon X o X and gcolon Y o Y be continuous functions. We say that f is topologically semiconjugate to g, if there exists a continuous surjection hcolon Y o X such that fcirc h=hcirc g. If h is a homeomorphism, then we say that f and g are topologically conjugate, and we call h a topological conjugation between f and g.

Similarly, a flow varphi on X is topologically semiconjugate to a flow psi on Y if there is a continuous surjection hcolon Y o X such that varphi(h(y),t) = hpsi(y,t) for each yin Y, tin mathbb{R}. If h is a homeomorphism then psi and varphi are topologically conjugate.

Discussion

Topological conjugation defines an equivalence relation in the space of all continuous surjections of a topological space to itself, by declaring f and g to be related if they are topologically conjugate. This equivalence relation is very useful in the theory of dynamical systems, since each class contains all functions which share the same dynamics from the topological viewpoint. For example, orbits of g are mapped to homeomorphic orbits of f through the conjugation. Writing g = h^{-1}circ fcirc h makes this fact evident: g^n = h^{-1}circ f^n circ h. Speaking informally, topological conjugation is a “change of coordinates” in the topological sense.

However, the analogous definition for flows is somewhat restrictive. In fact, we are requiring the maps varphi(cdot,t) and psi(cdot,t) to be topologically conjugate for each t, which is requiring more than simply that orbits of varphi be mapped to orbits of psi homeomorphically. This motivates the definition of topological equivalence, which also partitions the set of all flows in X into classes of flows sharing the same dynamics, again from the topological viewpoint.

Topological Equivalence

We say that psi, and varphi are topologically equivalent, if there is an homeomorphism h:Y o X, mapping orbits of psi, to orbits of varphi homeomorphically, and preserving orientation of the orbits. In other words, letting mathcal{O} denote an orbit, one has

:h(mathcal{O}(y,psi)) = {h(psi(y,t)): tinmathbb{R}} = {varphi(h(y),t):tinmathbb{R}}= mathcal{O}(h(y),varphi)

for each yin Y. In addition, one must line up the flow of time: for each yin Y, there exists a delta>0 such that, if 0, and if s is such that varphi(h(y),s) = h(psi(y,t)), then s>0.

Overall, topological equivalence is a weaker equivalence criterion than topological conjugacy, as it does not require that the time term is mapped along with the orbits and their orientation. An example of a topologically equivalent but not topologically conjugate system would be the non-hyperbolic class of two dimensional systems of differential equations that have closed orbits. While the orbits can be transformed each other to overlap in the spatial sense, the periods of such systems cannot be analogously matched, thus failing to satisfy the topological conjugacy criterion while satisfying the topological equivalence criterion.

ee also

*Commutative diagram


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