Ancient universities of Scotland

The ancient universities of Scotland are medieval and renaissance universities that continue to exist until the present day. The majority of the ancient universities of the British Isles are located within Scotland, and have a number of distinctive features in common, being governed by a series of measures laid down in the Universities (Scotland) Acts 1858-1966. A notable exception is the University of Dundee, which incorporates the same principles of governance in its Royal Charter rather than being directly subject to the Acts, due to its history lying within the University of St Andrews.

The ancient universities of Scotland are, in order of formation:
* University of St Andrews – founded 1413 (incorporating the University of Dundee for most of its history until 1967)
* University of Glasgow – founded 1451
* University of Aberdeen – founded 1495 (but more commonly known as King's College; later incorporating Marischal College of 1593, the two universities were united in 1860 under the name, which had previously applied to King's College alone, of the University of Aberdeen.) The Act of Parliament uniting the two universities specified that the date of the foundation of the new united university would be taken to be that of the older King's College, viz 1495.
* University of Edinburgh – founded 1583

Following the creation of the above, no other universities were formed in Scotland until the 20th century. The first 'new university' of the era (see: plate glass university) was the University of Strathclyde, chartered in 1964 but having existed in various forms as an academic institution since 1796. [ [http://www.strath.ac.uk/about/thehistoryofstrathclyde/ The History Of Strathclyde - University of Strathclyde ] ]

In common with the other ancient universities of the United Kingdom, the Scottish ancients find themselves administered in a quite different fashion from these new universities, of which there are now ten in Scotland, and are granted a number of privileges as a result of their status.

t Andrews

Foundation

The University of St Andrews owed its origin to a society formed in 1410 by Laurence of Lindores, abbot of Scone, Richard Cornwall, archdeacon of Lothian, William Stephenson, afterwards bishop of Dunblane, and a few others. Bishop Henry Wardlaw (died 1440) issued a charter in 1411 and attracted the most learned men in Scotland as professors. In 1413 Avignon Pope Benedict XIII issued six bulls confirming the charter and constituting the society a university.

Today

St Andrew's University has around 8,500 students and just over 800 academic staff. The independent IpsosMORI National Student Survey 2006 commissioned by HEFCE placed it third among the UK universities. [ [http://education.guardian.co.uk/students/table/0,,1857547,00.html National Student Survey: results by institution (2006 figures only) | Students | EducationGuardian.co.uk ] ] Nearly eight in ten graduates obtain a First Class or an Upper Second Class Honours degree. Entry to the University is highly competitive; the latest UCAS figures show that there are generally twelve applications for every place available, and the University has not entered Clearing since 2003.

Glasgow

Foundation

The University of Glasgow was founded in 1451 by a papal bull of Pope Nicholas V, at the request of King James II, giving Bishop William Turnbull permission to add the university to the city's cathedral. [ [http://www.archives.gla.ac.uk/about/publish/histcon.pdf University of Glasgow - Who, Where and When] , retrieved 22nd April 2006] Its founding came about as a result of King James II's wish that Scotland have two Universities to equal Oxford and Cambridge of England.

Today

Glasgow University now boasts almost 24,000 students with 40% coming from the West of Scotland. Both the University's teaching quality and income from annual research contracts are assessed to be among the top 10 in the United Kingdom. The Times University ranking list places Glasgow third amongst Scottish universites after St. Andews and Edinburgh. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/good_university_guide/article4165690.ece] There is currently over eight applications for every one place, (194,000 applications 2002-2007. 37,700 in 2007 alone) making it one of the most competitive Universities in the UK to obtain entry to.

Aberdeen

Foundation

The first university in Aberdeen, St. Mary's College (which later came to be called King's College), was founded in February 1495 by William Elphinstone, Bishop of Aberdeen, drafting a request on behalf of King James IV to Pope Alexander VI resulting in a papal bull being issued.

In 1860 King's merged with the city's other university, Marischal College, which itself had been founded in 1593.

Today

Aberdeen University has almost 14,000 students and over 700 staff. Among its graduates is the present Chancellor of the Exchequer, Alistair Darling.

Edinburgh

Foundation

The founding of the University is attributed to Bishop Robert Reid of St Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall, Orkney, who left the funds on his death in 1558 that ultimately provided the University's endowment. The University was established by a Royal Charter granted by James VI in 1582. As the first to be founded by Royal Charter at the urging of the "town council and burges of Edinburgh" some student groups at the other Scottish Ancient Universities deny Edinburgh is worthy of that title, usually stating the reasoning of "post reformation"

Today

Edinburgh University has over 25,000 students, more than any other in Scotland. In 2006 Newsweek ranked the University of Edinburgh 6th in the UK, 11th in Europe and 47th in the world. [cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14321230/site/newsweek/ |title=The Complete List: The Top 100 Global Universities |accessdate=2007-06-25 |date=13 August 2006 |publisher=MSNBC ]

Anomalies

University of Aberdeen

The University itself was founded in 1495 by Papal Bull. No college is mentioned in the foundation bull, only a university and it was the university of Aberdeen by that name which was established in 1495. Subsequently a single college, originally known as St. Mary of the Nativity, was established, but that college soon became known as King's College after its royal founder James IV. A separate university (Marischal College) was founded in 1593. While both institutions were universities and would be considered ancient, the Act of Parliament uniting the two specified that the date of the foundation of the new united university would be taken to be that of the older King's College. The Papal Foundation Bull of 1495 established the “University of Aberdeen” by name, it did not establish King's College, but it happened, for all of its history as a separate institution, that the University of Aberdeen comprised only one college, King's College, and hence the two institutions became conflated.

It should be noted that Aberdeen was highly unusual at the time for having two universities in one city. As late-20th century University of Aberdeen prospectuses wryly observed, this was the same number as existed in all of England at the time.

University of Dundee

The University of Dundee was established as an independent institution by Royal Charter in 1967, but has a long history going back well into the 19th century. For most of its existence, Dundee formed a fully incorporated college of the University of St Andrews, known as University College Dundee and Queen's College at various periods.

Dundee shares all organisational features in common with the other ancient universities of Scotland by virtue of its descent through St Andrews, such as awarding the undergraduate MA degree and electing a Rector. Upon attaining its independence, Dundee also gained a number of significant schools from its parent university, including law, dentistry and the main medical school.

As a result, the University of Dundee is usually considered alongside the ancient universities, particularly those in a Scottish context.

Undergraduate Master of Arts degree

The ancient universities are distinctive in offering the Magister Artium/Master of Arts (M.A.) as an undergraduate academic degree. This is sometimes known as the Scottish MA, despite only being offered by less than a third of Scotland's Universities.

Universities (Scotland) Acts

The Universities (Scotland) Acts created a distinctive system of governance for the ancient universities in Scotland, the process beginning with the 1858 Act and ending with the 1966 Act. Despite not being founded until the after the first in these series of Acts, the University of Dundee shares all the features contained therein.

As a result of these Acts, each of these universities is governed by a tripartite system of General Council, University Court, and Academic Senate.

The chief executive and chief academic is the University Principal who also holds the title of Vice-Chancellor as an honorific. The Chancellor is a titular non-resident head to each university and is elected for life by the respective General Council, although in actuality a good number of Chancellors resign before the end of their "term of office".

Each also has a Students' Representative Council (SRC) as required by statute, although at the University of Aberdeen this has recently been renamed, the "Students' Association Council" (the Students' Association having been the parent body of the SRC). [cite web|title=University of Aberdeen Students' Association Constitution| url=http://www.ausa.org.uk/about/constitution| accessdate=2007-04-21]

ee also

*Ancient universities
*List of oldest universities in continuous operation
*Medieval university
*Ancient university governance in Scotland
*Medieval university (Asia)
*Red Brick universities
*Plate glass universities
*Taxila

References