Abner Kneeland

Infobox Person
name = Abner Kneeland


image_size = 170
caption =
birth_date = birth date|1774|04|07
birth_place = Gardner, Massachusetts
death_date = August 27, 1844
death_place = Salubria, Iowa
education =
occupation = Preacher, Theologian
spouse = Four wives (First three widowed)
parents = Timothy Kneeland, Martha Stone Kneeland
children = 12

Abner Kneeland (April 7, 1774 – August 27, 1844) was an American evangelist and theologian who advocated many views, religious and social, which were considered extremely radical for his day. Due to his very public stance on these issues, Kneeland became the last man jailed in the United States for blasphemy.

Biography

Early life and ministry

Kneeland was born in Gardner, Massachusetts. At the age of 21, he attended a Baptist church and served as a lay preacher for a time. However, he soon converted to Universalism where he was ordained a minister. He served as minister of various churches for a time, helping organize hymnals and making his own translation of the New Testament. He also debated with other public theologians of the day. As time went on, he became more and more skeptical of "revealed" religion, causing schisms in the churches he administered. Eventually, he and the Universalist Church parted ways after his views became too far removed from Christianity. Kneeland became a freethinker and pantheist, saying that the Universalist's Christian God was "nothing more than a chimera of their own imagination."

Prosecution for blasphemy

Under the colonial charter of Massachusetts, blasphemy was still a crime, albeit one punished extremely rarely. However, perhaps because his other views inflamed the judiciary, Kneeland was charged with having violated the law. The final trial was held in 1838, five years after he had published the statements that caused the upset in the first place. Kneeland was convicted and served sixty days in prison. He was described by the judge as "a cantankerous and inflexible heretic."

Emigration and death

Kneeland left Massachusetts after the trial and moved to Iowa, where he started a small utopian community named Salubria (near present day Farmington, Iowa). Salubria failed shortly after his death in 1844.

Religious and social views

In matters of religion, Kneeland became more and more disenchanted of religion handed down from some prophet and enshrined by tradition. He disdained societal mores, preferring naturalistic and personal quests for truth.

Kneeland believed in equal treatment for all people, both under the law as well as by society. Kneeland applied this even when religious scripture would seem to indicate different roles. This included support of such controversial ideas as divorce rights for women, married woman keeping their own names and property, and refusal to condemn miscegenation (now known as interracial marriage). Kneeland was also in favor of birth control.

References and links

* [http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/abnerkneeland.html Abner Kneeland biography from the Unitarian Universalist Historical Society]
* [http://www.atheists.org/Atheism/roots/kneeland/ Abner Kneeland biography from American Atheists] , who see him as more an atheist than a pantheist
* [http://www.rootsweb.com/~iabiog/iastbios/annals/annals-k.htm Kneeland biography from the Annals of Iowa] , focusing on his time in Salubria