Santa Cruz Operation

Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) was a software company based in Santa Cruz, California which was best known for selling three Unix variants for Intel x86 processors: Xenix, SCO UNIX (later known as SCO OpenServer), and UnixWare. Eric Raymond, in his book The Art of Unix Programming, calls SCO the "first UNIX company". [cite book
last = Raymond
first = Eric
authorlink = Eric Raymond
coauthors =
title = The Art of UNIX Programming
publisher = Addison-Wesley Professional
date = 2003-10-03
location =
pages =
url = http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taoup/html/ch02s01.html#id2879627
doi =
id =
isbn = 978-0131429017] Prior to this UNIX vendors were either computer hardware manufacturers or telephone companies.

In 1993, SCO acquired two smaller companies and developed the product line that was named Tarantella. In 2001, SCO sold its rights to Unix and the related divisions to Caldera Systems. [cite press release
title= SCO Announces Official Closing of Sale of two Divisions to Caldera
publisher= The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc.
date= May 7, 2001
url= http://sec.edgar-online.com/2001/05/16/0001012870-01-500891/Section7.asp
accessdate= 2007-01-23 ] After that the corporation retained only its Tarantella product line, and changed its name to Tarantella, Inc.

Caldera subsequently changed its name to SCO then to The SCO Group (NASDAQ: SCOX; now delisted: SCOXQ.PK), which has created some confusion between the two companies. The company described here is the original Santa Cruz Operation (NASDAQ: SCOC [cite newsgroup
title = Compaq and SCO Announce Strategic Alliance for the Enterprise
author = Jon Tarzia
date = 20 August 1997
newsgroup = comp.unix.sco.announce
id = [e-mail]
url = http://groups.google.co.uk/group/comp.unix.sco.announce/msg/b146064b4889482a
accessdate = 2008-10-09] ). Although generally referred to simply as "SCO" up to 2001, it is now sometimes referred to as "old SCO" or "Santa Cruz" to distinguish it from "The SCO Group" to whom the U.S. trademark "SCO" was transferred. [cite web
url=http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=cef9ao.2.15
title=Trademark Electronic Search System (TESS)
accessdate= 2008-05-03
date= 2007-07-16
publisher=United States Patent and Trademark Office]

The Santa Cruz Operation and UNIX

SCO was founded in 1978 by Doug Michels and his father Larry Michels as a UNIX porting and consulting company. The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc. was incorporated in January, 1979.

In 1983 SCO ported Xenix to the Intel 8086 processor and licensed rights from Microsoft to be able to ship its first packaged UNIX System, Xenix 1.0 for the IBM PC XT. Xenix was derived from UNIX System III, incorporating elements from BSD. In 1987, SCO ported Xenix to the Intel 80386 processor. The same year Microsoft transferred ownership of Xenix to SCO in an agreement that left Microsoft owning 25% of SCO. [cite conference
first = John Bruno
last = Hare
authorlink = Internet Sacred Text Archive
coauthors = Thomas Dean Thomas
title = Porting Xenix to the Unmapped 8086
booktitle = Proceedings of the USENIX Winter Conference
pages =
publisher = USENIX Association
date = 1984
location = Washington, D.C.
url =
doi =
id =
accessdate = ] [cite web
title = SCO Company History
publisher = Operating System Documentation Project
date =
url = http://www.operating-system.org/betriebssystem/_english/fa-sco.htm
accessdate = 2008-05-14] [cite web
last = Bader
first = William
authorlink =
title = SCO History
publisher =
date =
url = http://williambader.com/museum/dell/xenixhistory.html
accessdate = 2008-05-14] [cite web
last = Demblon
first = Simone
authorlink =
title = Linux Internals
publisher = The Shuttleworth Foundation
date =
url = http://learnlinux.tsf.org.za/courses/build/internals/ch01s02.html
accessdate = 2008-05-14] [cite web
last = Barger
first = Jorn
authorlink = Jorn Barger
title = Timeline of GNU/Linux and Unix
publisher =
date =
url = http://laurel.datsi.fi.upm.es/~ssoo/IG/download/timeline.html
accessdate = 2008-05-14]

In 1986, SCO acquired the Software Products Group division of UK consultancy firm Logica to form their European headquarters. This was initially headed by Gary Daniels along with Steve Brophy, Bill Bateson, Geraint Davies, and Peter Kettle running their European development operations. The European arm of SCO went on to grow rapidly becoming worth about 40% of SCO's worldwide revenues.

In 1989, SCO started producing SCO UNIX, which was derived from a more recent branch from the Unix family tree, System V Release 3.2.The initial version of SCO UNIX, Release 3.2.0, did not include TCP/IP networking or X Window System graphics. Shortly after the release of this bare OS, SCO shipped an integrated product under the name of SCO Open Desktop, or ODT.

Collectively, Xenix and SCO UNIX became the most installed flavor of UNIX due to the popularity of the x86 architecture.

The company went public in 1993 on the NASDAQ Stock Exchange.
1994 saw the release of SCO MPX, an add-on SMP package for SCO UNIX.

PizzaNet and SCO Global Access

In August of 1994 SCO and Pizza Hut announced PizzaNet, "a pilot program that enables computer users, for the first time, to electronically order pizza delivery from their local Pizza Hut restaurant via the worldwide Internet.". [cite web
url=http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/199408/msg00057.html
title=PizzaNet Press Release
accessdate= 2008-03-30
author=SCO and Pizza Hut
date= 1994-08-22
publisher=SCO and Pizza Hut]

PizzaNet was based on the first commercially licensed and bundled Internet Operating System, SCO Global Access. According to Scott McGregor, SCO's senior vice president of products at that time, "SCO is thefirst commercial UNIX System supplier to license the powerful NCSA Mosaichypertext technology for commercial use from the National Center for theSupercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign." [cite web
url=http://www.hpcwire.com/archives/2597.html
title=SCO Provides Real-World On-Ramp Via NCSA Mosaic
accessdate= 2008-03-30
date= 1994-03-11
publisher=HPC Wire (http://www.hpcwire.com)] SCO was the first commercial licensor of NCSA Mosaic and NCSA HTTPd and the first operating system vendor to ship these technologies bundled with an OS.

Company culture

From its inception and founding by a University of California at Santa Cruz graduate, Doug Michels, the company drew upon the readily available pool of technical talent choosing to remain in the central California coastal town of Santa Cruz after graduating from UCSC. Employees referred to the company as "UCSCO" and were often seen strolling the halls naked or lounging in the company hot tub and sauna. [cite web
url=http://www.tempestgames.com/ryan/fucksco.html
title=Let's Put SCO Behind Bars
accessdate= 2008-05-15
author=Michael D. Crawford
date= 2003-08-29]

SCO Forum

Beginning in 1987 SCO would host an annual Summer conference for the international Unix systems community. Originally called "The SCO XENIX 386 Developer Conference", this unique educational conference was held on the redwood-forested campus of the University of California at Santa Cruz, overlooking the Monterey Bay. [cite web
url=http://www.sco.com/company/history.html
title=SCO History
accessdate= 2008-03-30
publisher=SCO]

Held annually since 1987 the conference is now called "SCO Forum". After the acquisition of the Server and Services divisions of SCO by Caldera Systems in 2001 the conference was moved to Las Vegas, Nevada where the 2008 SCO Forum will be held. [cite web
url=http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20080407141045566
title=SCO Forum 2008 Announced by Hunsaker; Where's Darl?
accessdate= 2008-05-20
publisher=groklaw.net]

Featured speakers over the years have included Douglas Adams [cite web
last=
first=
url=http://www.quotegeek.com/index.php?action=viewcategory&categoryid=18
title=QuoteGeek Your favorite quotations, online
date=1999-07-23
accessdate= 2008-05-20
publisher=Katharine Hammer Speaking at the 1997 SCO Forum, Douglas Adams said "The difference between us and a computer is that, the computer is blindingly stupid, but it is capable of being stupid many, many million times a second."] , Scott Adams, Dave Barry [cite web
url=http://web.archive.org/web/19981205115016/www.visionware.co.uk/forum98/conference/grid.html
title=SCO Forum98 Conference Schedule
accessdate= 2008-05-20
publisher=SCO] , Clifford Stoll, John Perry Barlow, Linus Torvalds, and Scott McNealy [cite web
last=Frazier
first=Belinda
url=http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/2608
title=Linux at SCO Forum
date=1995-11-01
accessdate= 2008-05-20
publisher=http://www.linuxjournal.com/ Linux Journal] . Musical entertainment at SCO Forum has included concerts by Jefferson Starship, Tower of Power, Roger McGuinn, Jan & Dean, The Kingsmen, The Surfaris, and Deth Specula [cite web
url=http://web.archive.org/web/19981206040346/www.visionware.co.uk/forum98/events.html
title=SCO Forum's Legendary Social Events
accessdate= 2008-05-20
publisher=VisionWare] .

Recent SCO Forum presentations have focused on presenting SCO's side of the SCO vs IBM legal battle. Speakers have included Darl McBride and Rob Enderle. SCO has also refocused the conference on technical presentations. [cite web
last=Emigh
first=Jacqueline
url=http://linuxplanet.com/linuxplanet/reviews/5965/1/
title=SCO Forum: Dueling with Linux & Microsoft (SCO Against the World)
date=2005-08-15
accessdate= 2008-05-20
publisher=http://www.linuxplanet.com/ LinuxPlanet]

SCO Broadcasts First Live Music Concert Over The Internet

On August 23rd, 1994 SCO broadcast a live music concert from the Cowell Courtyard at the University of California in Santa Cruz. This event, part of SCO Forum 1994, was the first time a live music concert was broadcast over the Internet utilizing the emerging World Wide Web. [Strauss, Neil, "Rolling Stones Live on Internet: Both a Big Deal and a Little Deal", New York Times, Nov 22, 1994, p. C15.] [Hafner, Katie, "The MBone: Can't You Hear It Knocking", Newsweek, Dec 5, 1994.] [cite web
url=http://www.deth.com/forum-gig.html
title=S.F. BAY AREA BAND DETH SPECULA ROCKS THE INTERNET WITH LIVE, COMPUTER NETWORK BROADCAST
accessdate= 2008-03-30
author=Malcolm McCameron
date= 1994-08-23
publisher=Deth Specula (http://www.deth.com)] [cite web
url=http://www.mediacast.com/Company/
title=MediaCast Company Information
accessdate= 2008-03-30
author=Jon R. Luini
date= 1994-08-23
publisher=MediaCast (http://www.mediacast.com)]

The band was Deth Specula, a group composed of SCO employees, and the first song ever broadcast over the Internet was a parody of the Grand Funk Railroad song "We're An American Band". Deth Specula sang "We Are An Internet Band" with lyrics like:

"We're comin' to your town To bring your network down We are an Internet band."

Palookaville webcasts

Later, SCO continued in that tradition by sponsoring and producing a series of live Internet webcasts from the popular Santa Cruz night club Palookaville. These webcasts demonstrated the use of UnixWare 7 as a real-time audio and video webcasting server utilizing the RealAudio and RealVideo technologies from RealNetworks. [cite web
url=ftp://ftp2.sco.com/pub/skunkware/audio/webcast94.html
title=Did you know that SCO broadcast the first live music on the Internet ?
accessdate= 2008-03-30
author=Ronald Joe Record
date= 1994-08-23
publisher=SCO]

SCO Follies

From 1985-2001, the Santa Cruz Operation hosted a Winter Solstice party at the Cocoanut Grove in Santa Cruz, California featuring a live musical show known as "The SCO Follies." This was a fully scripted and produced satire skewering SCO management and the high-tech industry in general. It featured live action, musical numbers, and videos. [cite web
url=http://www.youtube.com/profile_play_list?user=motibloc
title=motibloc's Playlists
accessdate= 2008-05-14
author=Stephen Marino
date=
publisher=YouTube]

AT&T System V Source Code Acquired

In 1995, SCO acquired the AT&T UNIX source code from Novell and eventually became the licensor for UNIX, allowing it to complete the porting of System V Release 4 features into SCO UNIX. However, in 2007 a court ruled still that Novell owned the copyrights [ [http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9030298 Novell wins rights to Unix copyrights ] ] to original AT&T UNIX source code and derivatives, including SVRX (System V, Release X).

SCO also acquired the UnixWare operating system from Novell, at which time it renamed SCO UNIX as SCO OpenServer. They were eventually able to re-use some code from that version of UnixWare in later releases of OpenServer. SCO released several versions of UnixWare, notably version 7.x starting in 1997, which featured a "merge" of UnixWare 2 and OpenServer 5.

By the end of the 1990s, there were around 15,000 value-added resellers (VARs) around the world who provided solutions for customers of SCO's Unix systems.

Server and Services Divisions Sold

SCO announced on August 2, 2000 that it would sell its Server Software and Services Divisions, as well as UnixWare and OpenServer technologies, to Caldera Systems, Inc. The purchase was completed in May 2001. At that time Caldera changed its name to "Caldera International", and the remaining part of SCO, the Tarantella Division, changed its name to "Tarantella, Inc."

In August 2002 Caldera International renamed itself "The SCO Group" since the SCO UNIX products were still a strong source of revenue mainly due to the huge installation base dating back to the 1990s. That entity soon started the SCO-Linux controversies.

Alliances

SCO was a primary partner in several industry alliances, intended to promote SCO operating system technology as a de facto standard for emerging hardware platforms. The most notable of these were:
* ACE - Founded by Compaq, Microsoft, MIPS Computer Systems, Digital Equipment Corporation, and SCO in 1991 to drive the next generation of PCs
* 3DA - Formed by SCO and Hewlett Packard in 1995 to define the standard UNIX for IA-64 systems
* Project Monterey - Formed by SCO, IBM, Sequent and Intel in 1998 to define the standard UNIX for IA-64 systems

None of these alliances was ultimately successful.

SCO was also part of 1993's COSE initiative, a more successful and broadly supported initiative to create an open and unified UNIX standard.

From 1997-1999, SCO was also involved in 86open.

Client Integration Division / Tarantella Division

In 1993 SCO acquired IXI Limited, a software company in Cambridge, UK, best known for its X.desktop product. In 1994 it then bought Visionware, of Leeds, UK, developers of XVision. In 1995 the development teams from IXI and Visionware were combined to form IXI Visionware. This later became the Client Integration Division of SCO.

The Client Integration Division was relatively independent of the rest of SCO. Specialising in software to integrate Microsoft Windows and UNIX systems, it retained its own web site for some time and ported its software to all major UNIX platforms including those of SCO's competitors.

In April 2000 SCO reorganised into three divisions: the Server Software Division, the Professional Services Division and the Tarantella Division.

In 2001, having sold the UNIX business, the company renamed itself after its remaining product line, Tarantella, Inc..

ee also

* SCO Group for the continuance of the Unix Server and Services Divisions after 2001
* Tarantella, Inc. for the continuance of the Client Integration Division after 2001
* SCO Skunkware a collection of open source packages for SCO platforms (currently maintained by the SCO Group)
* SCO OpenServer a version of the Unix computer operating system developed by SCO and now maintained by the SCO Group
* UnixWare a version of the Unix computer operating system developed by AT&T's Unix System Laboratories, maintained by SCO from 1995 to 2001 and maintained since then by the SCO Group
* Xenix a version of the Unix computer operating system based on AT&T's UNIX System III, ported and distributed on the x86 PC architecture by SCO

Notes

External links

* [http://www.sco.com www.sco.com] , The SCO Group, Inc.
* [http://www.ocston.com www.ocston.com] , the alumni directory for the former Santa Cruz Operation
* [http://www.youtube.com/user/motibloc www.youtube.com/user/motibloc] , collection of SCO Follies videos