Lygodium

Lygodium
Lygodium japonicum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Pteridophyta
Class:	Pteridopsida
Order:	Schizaeales
Family:	Lygodiaceae C.Presl
Genus:	Lygodium Sw.
Species
See text

Lygodium (climbing fern) is a genus of about 40 species of ferns, native to tropical regions across the world, with a few temperate species in eastern Asia and eastern North America. It is the sole genus in the family Lygodiaceae, though included in the family Schizaeaceae by some botanists.

They are unusual in that the rachis, or midrib, of the frond is thin, flexible, and long, the frond unrolling with indeterminate growth and the rachis twining around supports, so that each frond forms a distinct vine. The fronds may be from 3-12 m long, depending on the species.

Some Lygodium species are now considered a very problematic invasive weeds in the southeastern United States. Populations of Lygodium have increased more than 12-fold over the past decade--as can be seen on IFAS's SRFer Mapserver. Japanese climbing fern (Lygodium japonicum) was added to the Florida Noxious Weed List in 1999. It is also a major problem in pine plantations, causing contamination and harvesting problems for the pine straw industry. Old World climbing fern (Lygodium microphyllum) infests cypress swamps and other hydric sites, forming a monoculture. This massive infestation displaces all native flora and fauna, completely changing the ecosystem of the area.^[1]

Plants in this genus have basal chromosome counts of n=28, 29, 30.

Extracts

The aqueous ethanol extract of spores of Lygodium japonicum showed in vitro testosterone 5α-reductase inhibitory activity and in vivo anti-androgenic activity using growth of flank organ in castrated Syrian hamsters and hair regrowth after shaving in testosterone-treated C57Black/6CrSlc mice. From the lipophilic constituents of the spores, the common fatty acids oleic acid, linoleic acid and palmitic acid were identified as the main active principles inhibiting testosterone 5α-reductase.^[2]

Selected species

• Lygodium articulatum – Tropical southeast Asia.
• Lygodium circinatum – Tropical Asia and Australasia.
• Lygodium conforme – China.
• Lygodium cubense – Cuba, Hispaniola.
• Lygodium digitatum – China.
• Lygodium flexuosum – Southern China south to northern Australasia.
• Lygodium japonicum – Japanese climbing fern. Eastern Asia south to northern Australia.
• Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br. – Old World climbing fern. Africa, south Asia and Australia.
• Lygodium microstachyum – China.
• Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Swartz – American climbing fern. Eastern United States (rare, confined to acid soils).
• Lygodium polystachyum – China.
• Lygodium reticulatum – Australia, Polynesia.
• Lygodium salicifolium – Southern China south to northern Australasia.
• Lygodium subareolatum – China.
• Lygodium trifurcatum – Tropical southeast Asia south to northern Australasia.
• Lygodium volubile – Northern South America, Central America, Caribbean.
• Lygodium versteeghii – Tropical southeast Asia south to northern Australasia.
• Lygodium yunnanense – Southern China.

References and External Links

1. ^ http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/node/639
2. ^ Matsuda H., Yamazaki M., Naruto S., Asanuma Y., Kubo M. (2002). "Anti-androgenic and hair growth promoting activities of Lygodii Spora (spore of Lygodium japonicum) I. Active constituents inhibiting testosterone 5α-reductase". Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 25 (5): 622-626. 

• Flora of North America: Lygodium
• "Lygodium Sw.". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?taxon_id=46269. 
• C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Fern. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Saikat Basu and C.Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC.
• Flora of China: Lygodium species list
• Species Profile- Japanese Climbing Fern (Lygodium japonicum), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Japanese Climbing Fern.