File sharing in Canada

Canada has the greatest number of file sharers per capita in the world according to a report by the OECD. [cite news|date=2005-12-13|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/13/2/34995041.pdf|title=Digital Broadband Content|accessdate=2006-07-15|accessdate=2006-07-15|publisher=OECD] As well, the same report states that the number of file sharers in Canada is steadily rising unlike the number of file sharers in the U.S.A., bringing to the forefront issues dealing with the legality of file sharing.

Important distinctions have been made regarding the legality of downloading versus uploading copyrighted material as well as "musical works" versus other copyrighted material. In general, the unauthorized copying or distribution of copyrighted material, whether for profit or for personal use, is illegal under Canada's Copyright Act. [cite news|date=2007-11-05|url=http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/ShowTdm/cs/C-42///en
title=Copyright Act of Canada|accessdate=2007-11-16|publisher=Department of Justice: Canada] However, certain exemptions are made for fair dealing copying of small portions of copyrighted works, for activities such as private study, criticism, and news reporting. Furthermore, the Act contains a Private Copying exception that makes it legal to copy a sound recording onto an "audio recording medium" for the personal use of the person making the copy. This is supported by a levy on blank audio recording media, which is distributed to record labels and musicians. [cite news|date=2003-12-12|url=http://www.cb-cda.gc.ca/news/c20032004fs-e.html|title=FACT SHEET Copyright Board's Private Copying 2003-2004 Decision |accessdate=2008-09-11|publisher=Copyright Board of Canada]

While the unauthorized copying - including downloading or uploading - of complete copyrighted works such as books, movies, or software is illegal under the Act, the situation regarding music files is more complex, due to the Private Copying exemption.

First, to qualify as Private Copying, the copy must be made onto an "audio recording medium". However, there remains some controversy as to whether certain things such as digital music players, or computer hard drives, constitute audio recording media. In 2003, the Copyright Board introduced levies of up to $25 on non-removable memory in digital music players such as the iPod. However, this was struck down when the Federal Court of Appeal ruled that memory permanently embedded in digital music players could not be considered an audio recording medium. The court also gave the opinion that a digital music player, as an entire unit or device, could not be considered an audio recording medium. However, the Copyright Board disputes the latter, and maintains that "it is not settled law that a digital audio recorder is not a medium". [cite news|date=2007-07-19|url=http://www.cb-cda.gc.ca/decisions/c19072007-b.pdf|title=Private Copying 2008-2009 [Preliminary Motions] |accessdate=2008-09-11|publisher=Copyright Board of Canada] Copying onto an audio recording medium for which no levy is currently charged still qualifies under the Private Copying exemption: "For instance, simply because the Board has not been asked to certify a tariff on hard disks in personal computers, it does not follow that private copies made onto such media infringe copyright." [cite news|date=2003-12-12|url=http://www.cb-cda.gc.ca/decisions/c12122003-b.pdf|title=Tariff of levies to be collected by CPCC in 2003 and 2004 on the sale of blank audio recording media in Canada|accessdate=2008-09-11|publisher=Copyright Board of Canada]

The application of the Private Copying exemption to copies made via the Internet is also a complex issue. Prior to 2004, some analysts believed that it was legal to download music, but not to upload it. [cite news|date=2003-10-27|url=http://news.com.com/Cyberpiracy+north+of+the+border/2008-1028_3-5097180.html?tag=nl
title=Newsmaker: Cyberpiracy north of the border|accessdate=2006-07-15|publisher=CNET News] [cite news|url=http://grep.law.harvard.edu/articles/03/08/22/1655233.shtml
title=Filesharing and Downloading in Canada|publisher=Harvard Law|accessdate=2006-07-15]

For a brief period in 2004/2005, the sharing of copyrighted music files via peer-to-peer online systems was explicitly legal, due to a decision by the Federal Court, in BMG Canada Inc. v. John Doe. [cite news|date=2003-03-31|url=http://www.bereskinparr.com/English/publications/update/update-mar-31-2003.html?tag=nl
title=Federal Court of Canada rules file sharing does not infringe copyright|accessdate=2007-08-14|publisher=Bereskin Parr] . [cite news|date=2003-03-31|url=http://reports.fja.gc.ca/en/2004/2004fc488/2004fc488.html?tag=nl
title=BMG Canada Inc. v. John Doe, full text of decision|accessdate=2007-08-14|publisher=Federal Court of Canada] Under certain conditions both downloading and uploading were held to be legal. Specifically, clauses [24] and [25] of the decision [cite news|date=2004-03-31|url = http://decisions.fct-cf.gc.ca/en/2004/2004fc488/2004fc488.html|title=BMG Canada Inc. v. John Doe decision|accessdate=2007-09-26|publisher=Federal Court of Canada] stated that Section 80(1) of the Copyright Act allows downloading of musical works for personal use. This section specifically applied to musical works and therefore the decision made no determination as to the legality of downloading other forms of copyrighted works.

Clauses [26] to [28] of the decision also made a ruling on uploading, stating that

The mere fact of placing a copy on a shared directory in a computer where that copy can be accessed via a P2P service does not amount to distribution. Before it constitutes distribution, there must be a positive act by the owner of the shared directory, such as sending out the copies or advertising that they are available for copying.

However, the case was appealed, and on May 19, 2005, this section of the decision was set aside by the Federal Court of Appeal. [cite news|date=2005-05-19|url=http://www.cippic.ca/documents/19May2005Ruling.pdf
title=BMG Canada Inc. v. John Doe, full text of appeal decision|accessdate=2007-11-16|publisher=Federal Court of Canada] The appeals court dismissed the case, primarily due to lack of evidence linking the unnamed defendants to the alleged copyright infringement. However, it held that it was inappropriate for the original trial court judge to have ruled on the question of whether making music files available on peer-to-peer file sharing systems constitutes "distribution" (illegal under the Copyright Act) or simply facilitates "private copying" (legal under the Act) at that point in the proceedings. The appeals court specifically left open the possibility of future lawsuits, wherein the question of the legality of peer-to-peer sharing could be addressed. So far, no further such lawsuits have been filed in Canada, leaving it an open question.

In June 2005, the Liberal Party of the federal government introduced Bill C-60, which would amend the Copyright Act to, among other things, specifically make the "making available" of copyrighted music files on peer-to-peer systems illegal. However, parliament was dissolved later that year due to a non-confidence motion, and the bill was never passed.

A new copyright bill was expected to be introduced by the current Conservative Party government before the end of 2007. It was expected to have much stronger protections for copyright owners, including some provisions similar to the American DMCA. [cite news|date=2007-11-16|url=http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=f05596b7-28b6-4065-a80a-0c902ec38213&p=1 |title=Copyright act key to Canada's industrial strategy|accessdate=2007-11-16|publisher=The Ottawa Citizen] However, due to massive public outcry in the days leading up to the bill's expected introduction, the government delayed its introduction. [cite news|date=2007-12-10|url=http://www.cbc.ca/technology/story/2007/12/10/tech-copyright.html |title=Copyright reform bill critics eye victory|accessdate=2007-12-21|publisher=CBC] Just before the end of the second session of the 39th Canadian Parliament, the Conservative government introduced Bill C-61 [cite news|date=2008-06-12|url=http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/crp-prda.nsf/en/Home |title=Government of Canada Proposes Update to Copyright Law|accessdate=2008-06-24|publisher=Industry Canada] .

Legal history

1921: Copyright Act of Canada

Copyright law in Canada grew out of a long series of British statutes and common law, including the Statute of Anne and the Imperial Copyright Act. It was first consolidated into one Canadian statute in 1921, the Copyright Act of Canada. The Act has been ammended over the years by various Bills passed by the Canadian parliament.

1997: Bill C-32

Bill C-32, which received Royal Assent in 1997, ammended the Copyright Act of Canada. Among the changes was a provision that legalized music file sharing under certain conditions. The provision states that copying copyrighted sound recordings of musical works for the personal use of the person making the copy, does not constitute a violation of the copyright of that work. In this sense, file downloaders are cleared of liability for copyright violations so long as their activities are for private use only. However, the question of whether making files available for copying on peer-to-peer file sharing systems constitutes illegal distribution or not, is currently an open question in Canadian law.

2003: Copyright Board of Canada and P2P filesharing

The Copyright Board of Canada is a regulatory body empowered to establish the amounts and kinds of levies to be charged on blank audio media under the Private Copying section of the Copyright Act. On December 12, 2003, it released a decision setting the levies to be charged for 2003 and 2004. In relation to this, it also commented in response to queries that were made regarding the legality of P2P file sharing. The Copyright Board gave the opinion that Private Copying of copyrighted sound recordings for one's personal use was legal, irrespective of the source of that material. Users of P2P networks were thus clear of liability for copyright violations for any music file downloading activity. The decision noted that distributing music online was expressly excluded from the Private Copying exception, and it associated the word "uploading" with the act of distribution.

The Copyright Board is not a court, and its opinion regarding the legality of downloading was publicly disputed by the Canadian Recording Industry Association. However, this decision was thought to be significant in that it provided guidance for court rulings on file sharing in the future. [cite news|date=2003-12-12|url=http://news.com.com/Canada+deems+P2P+downloading+legal/2100-1025_3-5121479.html?tag=st.rc.targ_mb
title=Canada deems P2P downloading legal|accessdate=2006-07-15|publisher=CNET News]

2004: BMG Canada Inc. v. John Doe

In 2004, the Canadian Recording Industry Association(CRIA) was dealt a blow in its bid to take action against 29 internet users with extensive file sharing activities. The CRIA filed suit to have the ISPs reveal the identities of the 29 file sharers. In the ruling, both the Federal Court of Canada and the Federal Court of Appeal judged that the CRIA's case was not strong enough to support interfering with the defendants right to privacy and questioned whether the CRIA had a copyright case at all based on its evidence. Because the ISPs were not required to reveal the identities of their clients, the CRIA could not go on to sue the file sharers in a manner mimicking the RIAA's legal proceedings in the U.S.A. The court further found that both downloading music and putting it in a shared folder available to other people online were legal in Canada. This decision dealt a major blow to attempts by the CRIA to crack down on file sharers. [cite news|date=2004-03-31|url=http://news.com.com/2100-1027_3-5182641.html|title=Judge: File sharing legal in Canada|accessdate=2006-06-01|accessdate=2006-07-15|publisher=CNET News]

2005: BMG Canada Inc. v. John Doe - Appeal

In 2005, the controversial ruling of Justice Konrad von Finckenstein, making file uploading on peer-to-peer systems legal, was set aside by the Federal Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal held that although the original case should be dismissed due to lack of evidence linking the unnamed defendants to the alleged copyright infringements, the question of the legality of peer-to-peer file sharing must be decided in a future case.

2007: RCMP Tolerates Piracy for Personal Use

Around the same time that the CRIA successfully took Demonoid offline, the RCMP made it clear that pursuing Demonoid’s users is not a priority for them. Demonoid came back online in April 2008, but is now hosted in the Ukraine. [http://www.dailytech.com/Demonoid+is+Back/article11469.htm DailyTech - Update: Demonoid is Back] ]

According to the RCMP it is impossible to track down everyone who downloads music or movies off the Internet. The police simply do not have the time nor the resources to go after filesharers. [cite news|date=2007-11-08|url=http://www.ledevoir.com/2007/11/08/163562.html|title=Les pirates peuvent dormir tranquilles|accessdate=2008-05-02|publisher=Le Devoir|language=French]

“Piracy for personal use is no longer targeted,” Noël St-Hilaire, head of copyright theft investigations of the RCMP, said in an interview with Le Devoir. “It is too easy to copy these days and we do not know how to stop it,” he added.

St-Hilaire explained that they would rather focus on crimes that actually hurt consumers such as copyright violations related to medicine and electrical appliances.

ee also

* File sharing
* Peer-to-peer
* BMG Canada Inc. v. John Doe
* Copyright Board of Canada
* Copyright Act of Canada
* Disk sharing
* Ethics of file sharing
* File sharing timeline
* File-sharing program
* Open Music Model
* Warez

References

External links

* [http://www.michaelgeist.ca/resc/html_bkup/june62005.html THE STATE OF FILE SHARING AND CANADIAN COPYRIGHT LAW ] — the legal status of filesharing