Anglicism

An anglicism, as most often defined, is a word borrowed from English into another language. Speakers of the recipient language usually consider an anglicism to be substandard or undesirable (as a form of language contamination). "Anglicism" also describes English syntax, grammar, meaning and structure used in another language with varying degrees of corruption. "Anglicism" is also a synonym for "Briticism" when comparing British English with English spoken outside Britain, especially American English.

Anglicisms in Chinese

"Note: Chinglish refers to poor or broken English used by native Chinese speakers, while anglicisms in Chinese refers to appropriation of English terms, expressions, or concepts into Chinese language. These two concepts should not be confused."
*Example of anglicism by phonetic borrowing: use of expression "巴士(bāshì)" (instead of "公共汽車") for "bus" because of similarity in pronunciations.
*Syntactic anglicism: occurs when a sentence is rendered following the English word order instead of Chinese word order.
*Semantic anglicism: example, "網絡" or "網路"("network") , "網" used to translate "net".

Anglicisms in Dutch

"See" Dunglish

Anglicisms in Afrikaans

"See" [http://pauley.org.za/anglisaans Anglisaans] (content in Afrikaans)

Anglicisms in French

A distinction is made between well-established English borrowings into French, and other words and structures regarded as incorrect.

Occasionally governments of both Quebec and France have undertaken strenuous efforts to eradicate anglicisms, with some success, although in modern times there has been a more relaxed attitude. Sometimes a new word is coined in French that succeeds in replacing the anglicism — for instance, "logiciel" ("software"). French efforts against anglicisms are admired by many other countries suffering from overuse of anglicisms.Fact|date=August 2008

However, the French Academy's directives are not always considered very appropriate; for instance, it has decreed that "online chat" be replaced by "causette" or "parlotte", but these are terms for "chat" that are not commonly used. (In Quebec a different solution has been found to translate "online chat." The word "clavardage" is increasingly gaining acceptance. This neologism is a portmanteau word coined from the words "clavier" (English "keyboard") and "bavardage" (English "chat"), an English equivalent portmanteau might be "keyversation.")

Quebec French and European French tend to have entirely different anglicisms for historical reasons. Quebec French acquired its anglicisms in a gradual process of linguistic borrowing resulting from living among and alongside English speakers for two and a half centuries since the Battle of the Plains of Abraham of 1759. European French, on the other hand, mostly adopted its anglicisms in recent decades due to the post–Second World War international dominance of English. Furthermore, the use of English words is more socially deprecated and less a mark of "coolness" in Quebec than in France. Thus, the people of Quebec and France often consider each other's anglicisms as barbarous, while considering their own perfectly normal. It should be noted that in Quebec, anglicisms are never used in formal documentation (government papers, instrution sheets) and very rarely used in informal writing (magazines, journals). Each time the use of anglicism is unavoidable, it will be written in italic.

An example of a European French anglicism not used in Quebec:: "sweat": short for "sweatshirt", but pronounced like the English word "sweet"An example of a Quebec French anglicism not used in France;: "frencher": to French kiss

As can be seen above, sometimes an anglicism will have a different meaning from the original English word, due to abbreviation or other reasons.

Another type of anglicism is a phrase or structure that is literally translated or calqued from the English. For example, the valediction "Sincèrement vôtre" is regarded as an anglicism, a direct translation of the English "Sincerely yours," when a native French valediction would be more appropriate.

Because English itself borrowed a great amount of French vocabulary after the Norman Conquest, some anglicisms are actually Old French words that dropped from usage over the centuries in French itself but were preserved in English, and have now come full circle back into French. For instance one attested origin of the verb "to flirt" cites influence from old French "conter fleurette", which means "to (try to) seduce" (Most authorities cite other possible origins for the word including alt. of Eng. "flit", E. Frisian "flirt" - a flick or light stroke, and E.Frisian "flirtje" - a giddy girl for the English noun "flirt"). This expression is no longer used in French, but the English "gallicism" "to flirt" has made its way back over the Channel and has now become an anglicism in French.

Sometimes an expression incorrectly translated from the English becomes more successful than the original one. For instance, a "tax heaven" comes from an incorrect translation of "tax haven" by French speakers who mixed up "haven" and "heaven". So they spoke about a "paradis fiscal", an expression that inspired the English-speaking people who retranslated it into "tax heaven".

Note, some words were borrowed from English into French centuries ago, such as "clown" (pronounced "kloon") or spleen (in French the latter means "melancholy", and not the "spleen" organ). These are not anglicisms, but rather are considered perfectly good French words fully accepted by the Académie française.
Perhaps the only difference between an anglicism and a full-fledged French word is the test of time.

Anglicisms in German

"See" Denglisch

Anglicisms in Polish

Due to increased contact with English, Polish has in the 20th and 21st centuries borrowed many words and expressions from English.

While earlier borrowings were related to maritime terms and sports, e. g.
"kil" (keel)
"maszt" (mast)
"krykiet" (cricket)
"jogging" (jogging),
later examples include words which already have Polish equivalents and therefore are not recognized by all language users:
"menadżer" (manager) instead of "kierownik"
"quad" (quad bike) instead of "czterokołowiec"
"monitoring" (CCTV) instead of "nadzór", "dozór"
"W czym mogę pomóc" (English: How can I help you) instead of "W czym mogę służyć".

Some Polish anglicisms appeared due to the birth of consumerism:
"dyskont" (E: discount store)
"market" (E: supermarket)
"lajfstylowy" (E: [adj] lifestyle)
"marketing" (E: [n] marketing)

For many computer- and Internet-related phenomena no Polish word has been invented. Instead, English words are used:
"login" "komputer" (computer) "monitor""czat" (chat)"on-line""interfejs" (interface).

See Poglish.

Anglicisms in Italian

Under Benito Mussolini efforts were made to "purify" Italian of anglicisms and other foreign "contaminants". Today, Italy is the country in Europe where anglicism are most used, without alterations.

Anglicisms in Spanish

The hispanisation of English words is infrequent.

In Spain, the adoption of English words is extremely common in the spheres of business and information technology, although it is usually frowned upon by purists

Anglicisms in Finnish

"See also (American) Finglish"

The anglicisms can be divided to four types: direct phonetic imitation, lexical and grammatical calques, and contamination of orthography. Official language (as given by the Language Planning Office) deprecates anglicisms, and for the most part, native constructions are sufficient even in spoken language. Nevertheless, some anglicisms creep in.

Computer jargon is generally full of direct imitation, e.g. "svappi" "swap". Other jargons with abundant anglicisms are pop music, scifi, gaming, fashion, automobile and to some extent scientific jargon. This is regarded a sign of overspecialization, if used outside the context of the jargon. Generally, direct imitation is not as common, but there are examples. For example, the word "sexy" [seksy] , pronounced with an Y unlike in English [seksi] , might be used as an adjective. This is teenager-specific.

Lexical calques take an English expression, like "killer application", and produce "tappajasovellus", which does mean "an application that kills" just as in English. You will need to know the equivalent English term to understand this.

Some speakers, especially those in frequent contact with the English language have created a grammatical calque of the English "you"-impersonal. The English impersonal utilizes the second person pronoun "you", e.g. "You can't live if you don't eat". Here, the word "you" does not refer explicitly to the listener, but signifies a general statement. The same example is rendered in Finnish as "Syömättä ei elä", where a separate grammatical impersonal (also known as "passiivi") is used. When translated word-by-word, "Sä et elä jos sä et syö", it will refer directly to the listener. Here the contraction "sä" of spoken language is used instead of the "sinä" of spoken language. Then, "you" will need to understand that it is an anglicism, or "you" can be offended by the commanding "You there!" tone produced. (There are also native examples of the same construction, so the origin of this piece of grammar may not always be English.)

An English orthographical convention is that compound words are written separately, whereas in Finnish, compound words are written together, using a hyphen with acronyms and numbers. In Finnish, "prosessitekniikka" and "Intel 80286 -prosessori" would be correct, but "process engineering" or "Intel 80286 processor" would not. Failure to join the words or omitting the hyphen can be either an honest mistake, or contamination from English.

Another orthographical convention is that English words tend to be written as the originals. For example, the computer jargon term from "to chat" is written as "chattailla" (chat + frequentative), even if it is pronounced "sättäillä". The forms "chattäillä" or "chättäillä" are used, too. Sometimes, it is even standard language, e.g. "sherry" [ʃerry] , instead of according to English pronunciation "šeri" [ʃeri] .

Other definitions

In the context of Interlingua, an anglicism is a uniquely English expression used when speaking or writing Interlingua. Many English expressions have penetrated into a wide variety of languages, making them good Interlingua expressions. Novice speakers sometimes assume that an English expression is correct Interlingua when in fact it is not sufficiently international. For example, a novice may use "Lassa nos considerar le optiones" to mean 'Let's consider the options', as in English. In Interlingua, however, this expression means 'Permit us to consider the options'. A more international expression is "Que nos considera le optiones", literally 'That we consider the options'.

Briticisms, Americanisms and other -isms

"Anglicism" is also used as a synonym for "Briticism". A Briticism is an expression peculiar to British English, from an outsider's point-of-view. The term "Briticism" is an Americanism.Fact|date=March 2008

An Americanism is an expression peculiar to American or North American English, from an outsider's point of view.

There is an article discussing American and British English differences, and for English worldwide look at the English Language entry.

The influence of Australian television has also introduced some Australianisms to English speech elsewhere.

ee also

* Barbarism (grammar)
* Béarlachas (False Irish)
* Calque
* Engrish
* Franglais
* Loanword
* Pseudo-Anglicism