Josh Gibson

Infobox baseball player
name=Josh Gibson


birthdate=birth date|1911|12|21|mf=y
birthplace=Buena Vista, Georgia
deathdate=death date and age|1947|1|20|1911|12|21|mf=y
deathplace=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
debutdate=July 31, 1930
debutteam=Homestead Grays
debutstadium=Forbes Field
debutopponent=Kansas City Monarchs
teams=Homestead Grays (1930–31, 1937–39, 1942–46)

Pittsburgh Crawfords (1932–1936)

Ciudad Trujillo (1937)

Veracruz (1940–41)
hofinductiondate=1972
careerhighlights=Negro League Baseball
* Lifetime batting average: .359
* Lifetime slugging percentage: .648 Joshua Gibson (December 21, 1911 - January 20, 1947) was an American catcher in baseball's Negro Leagues. He played for the Homestead Grays from 1930 to 1931, moved to the Pittsburgh Crawfords from 1932 to 1936, and returned to the Grays from 1937 to 1939 and 1942 to 1946. In 1937 he played for Ciudad Trujillo in Trujillo's Dominican League and from 1940 to 1941 he played in the Mexican League for Veracruz. He stood 6-foot-1 (185 cm) and weighed 210 pounds (95 kg) at the peak of his career.citation
last=Riley
first=James A.
title=The Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Baseball Leagues
place=New York
publisher=Carroll & Graf
year=1994
isbn=0786709596 ]

Baseball historians consider Gibson to be among the very best catchers and power hitters in the history of any league, including the Major Leagues, and he was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1972. Gibson was known as the "black Babe Ruth." [cite web | title=Josh Gibson | work=Encyclopedia Brittanica Online | url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036761/Josh-Gibson#245123.hook] He never played in Major League Baseball because, under their unwritten "gentleman's agreement" policy, they excluded non-whites during his lifetime.

Early life

Gibson was born in Buena Vista, Georgia on or about December 211911. In 1923 Gibson moved to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where his father, Mark Gibson, had found work at the Carnegie-Illinois Steel Company. Entering sixth grade in Pittsburgh, Gibson prepared to become an electrician, attending Allegheny Pre-Vocational School and Conroy Pre-Vocational School. His first experience playing baseball for an organized team came at age 16, when he played third base for an amateur team sponsored by Gimbels department store, where he found work as an elevator operator. Shortly thereafter, he was recruited by the Pittsburgh Crawfords, which in 1928 were still a semi-professional team. The Crawfords, controlled by Gus Greenlee, were the top black semi-professional team in the Pittsburgh area and would advance to fully professional major Negro league status by 1931.cite book
last=Ribowsky
first=Mark
title=Josh Gibson: The Power and the Darkness
publisher=University of Illinois Press
date=2004
location=Urbana, IL, USA
isbn=0252072243]

In 1928, Gibson met Helen Mason, whom he married on March 71929. When not playing baseball, Gibson continued to work at Gimbels, having given up on his plans to become an electrician to pursue a baseball career. In the summer of 1930, the 18-year old Gibson was recruited by Cum Posey, owner of the Homestead Grays, which were the preeminent Negro league team in Pittsburgh, and on July 311930 Gibson debuted with the Grays. A few days later, on August 111930, Gibson's wife Helen, who was pregnant with twins, went into premature labor and died while giving birth to a twin son, Josh Gibson, Jr., and daughter, named Helen after her mother. The children were raised by Helen's parents.

Baseball career and statistics

The Negro leagues generally found it more profitable to schedule relatively few league games and allow the teams to earn extra money through barnstorming against semi-professional and other non-league teams.citation
last=Hogan
first=Lawrence D.
year=2006
title=Shades of Glory: The Negro Leagues and the Story of African-American Baseball
place=Washington DC
publisher=National Geographic
isbn=079225306X ] Thus, it is important to distinguish between records against all competition and records in league games only. For example, against all levels of competition Gibson hit 69 home runs in 1934; the same year in league games he hit 11 home runs in 52 games.

In 1933 he hit .467 with 55 home runs in 137 games against all levels of competition. His lifetime batting average is said to be higher than .350, with other sources putting it as high as .384, the best in Negro League history. [http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/05/05/SPGQNIL8UR1.DTL] .

The Josh Gibson Baseball Hall of Fame plaque says he hit "almost 800" homers in his 17-year career [http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/hofers_and_honorees/plaques/Gibson_Josh.htm] against Negro League and independent baseball. His lifetime batting average, according to the Hall of Fame's official data, was .359. It was reported that he won nine home-run titles and four batting championships playing for the Crawfords and the Homestead Grays. In two seasons in the late 1930s, it was written that not only did he hit higher than .400, but his slugging percentage was above 1.000. [http://www.sportingnews.com/ The Sporting News] of June 3, 1967 credits Gibson with a home run in a Negro League game at Yankee Stadium that struck two feet from the top of the wall circling the center field bleachers, about 580 feet from home plate. Although it has never been conclusively proven, Chicago American Giants infielder Jack Marshall said Gibson slugged one over the third deck next to the left field bullpen in 1934 for the only fair ball hit out of Yankee Stadium.

There is no published season-by-season breakdown of Gibson's home run totals in all the games he played in various leagues and exhibitions.

The true statistical achievements of Negro League players may be impossible to know, as the Negro Leagues did not compile complete statistics or game summaries.Based on research of historical accounts performed for the Special Committee on the Negro Leagues, Gibson hit 224 homers in 2,375 at-bats against top black teams, 2 in 56 at-bats against white major-league pitchers and 44 in 450 AB in the Mexican League.citation
last=Holway
first=John B.
year=2001
title=The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues: The Other Half of Baseball History
place=Fern Park, FL
publisher=Hastings House Publishers
isbn=0803820070] John Holway lists Gibson with the same home run totals and a .351 career average, plus 21 for 56 against white major-league pitchers. According to Holway, Gibson ranks third all-time in the Negro Leagues in average among players with 2,000+ AB (trailing Jud Wilson by 3 points and John Beckwith by one. Holway lists him as being second to Mule Suttles in homers, though the all-time leader in HR/AB by a considerable margin - with a homer every 10.6 AB to one every 13.6 for runner-up Suttles.

Recent investigations into Negro League statistics, using box scores from newspapers from across the United States, have led to the estimate that, although as many as two thirds of Negro League team games were played against inferior competition (as traveling exhibition games), Josh Gibson still hit between 150 and 200 home runs in official Negro League games. Though this number appears very conservative next to the statements of "almost 800" to 1000 home runs, this research also credits Gibson with a rate of one home-run every 15.9 at bats, which compares favorably with the rates of the top nine home-run hitters in Major League history. The commonly-cited home run totals in excess of 800 are not indicative of his career total in "official" games because the Negro League season was significantly shorter than the major league season; typically consisting of less than 60 games per year. [1939 in baseball#Negro National League final standings] The additional home runs cited were most likely accomplished in "unofficial" games against local and non-Negro League competition of varying strengths, including the oft-cited "barnstorming" competitions. Though these numbers are still based on incomplete evidence, this study does at least provide concrete proof that Josh Gibson was a power hitter of very high caliber.

Despite the fact that statistical validation continues to prove difficult for Negro League players, the lack of verifiable figures has led to various amusing "Tall Tales" about immortals such as Gibson.citation |last=Peterson |first=Robert |year=1970 |title=Only the Ball Was White ] A good example: In the last of the ninth at Pittsburgh, down a run, with a runner on base and two outs, Gibson hits one high and deep, so far into the twilight sky that it disappears from sight, apparently winning the game. The next day, the same two teams are playing again, now in Washington. Just as the teams have positioned themselves on the field, a ball comes falling out of the sky and a Washington outfielder grabs it. The umpire yells to Gibson, "You're out! In Pittsburgh, yesterday!"

Death

In early 1943, Josh Gibson fell into a coma and was diagnosed with a brain tumor. Apparently coming out of his coma, he refused the option of surgical removal, and lived the next four years with recurring headaches. Gibson died of a stroke in 1947 at age 35, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, just three months before Jackie Robinson became the first black player in modern major league history. The stroke is believed by a few to be linked to drug problems that plagued his later years. [*citation
last=Ribowsky | first=Mark | year=2004 |title=Josh Gibson The Power and The Darkness |place=Urbana IL |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0252-07224-6 ] He was buried at the Allegheny Cemetery in the Pittsburgh neighborhood of Lawrenceville, where he lay in an unmarked grave until a small plaque was placed in 1975. [cite web | title=A Legendary Baseball Player: Josh Gibson | publisher=Allegheny Cemetery | url=http://www.alleghenycemetery.com/noteables/noteable_gibson.htm | accessdate=2008-01-11] . 25 years later, his accomplishments were recognized and became the second Negro League player inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. Money was raised for a proper gravestone.

Legacy

In 2007 the Washington Nationals decided to honor Josh Gibson as one of the "greatest players to play baseball in Washington, D.C." with a statue as part of their new baseball stadium in Southeast DC. The statue is to be dedicated sometime in 2008. [http://washington.nationals.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20070926&content_id=2231163&vkey=news_was&fext=.jsp&c_id=was]

His son Josh Gibson, Jr. played baseball for the Homestead Grays. [http://www.coe.ksu.edu/nlbemuseum/history/players/gibsonjjr.html] . His son was also instrumental in the forming of the Josh Gibson Foundation ( http://www.joshgibson.org/), [http://www.joshgibson.org/index.php?page=About_Josh] .

Records

Lifetime batting average of .354 - .384 [http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00016050.html]

Played baseball in the United States, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic and Mexico. [http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00016050.html]

Home Runs - Hall of Fame plaque recognizes "almost 800" home runs for his career

Elected to Hall of Fame in 1972, one year after his contemporary, Satchel Paige.

Notes

* Starting in 1932-1933, Gibson played in Puerto Rico. In 1941-1942, Gibson played for the Puerto Rican Professional Baseball League. Playing for the Santurce Crabbers, Gibson won the batting title that season with an average of .480, recognized as the record for that league. [ [http://www.beisbox.com/42505/43405.html?*session*id*key*=*session*id*val* Vázquez, Edwin; "Beisbol De Ligas Negras"-"James "Cool Papa" Bell Beisbox Caribe"; 2006-12-22] ] [ [http://www.radiococo.cu/cocobeisbol/ingles/noti27.htm Bjarkman, Peter C.; "Winter pro baseball’s proudest heritage passes into oblivion"] ]

*In 1996, Gibson was played by Mykelti Williamson in the made-for-cable film "Soul of the Game," which also starred Delroy Lindo as Satchel Paige, Blair Underwood as Jackie Robinson, Edward Herrmann as Branch Rickey and Jerry Hardin as Commissioner Happy Chandler.

*The character of Leon Carter played by James Earl Jones in The Bingo Long Traveling All-Stars & Motor Kings is based on him.

*In 2000, he ranked 18th on "The Sporting News"' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, the highest-ranking of five players to have played all or most of their careers in the Negro Leagues. (The others were Satchel Paige, Buck Leonard, Cool Papa Bell and Oscar Charleston.) That same year, he was nominated as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.

*According to the Macmillan Baseball Encyclopedia, Josh Gibson's Negro League stats from official games were as follows: Total years played - 16. Total games played - 501. Total career at bats - 1679. Total career hits - 607. Total career 2B hits - 89. Total career 3B hits - 35. Total career HR - 146. Total career SB 11. Career Batting Average .362

*Current "official" statistics (as published in "'Shades of Glory", by Dr. Lawrence Hogan) show him with a .359 career average and 115 HR in 510 games over 16 seasons.

*Barry Bonds referred to "Josh Gibson's 800 home runs" in his post-game press conference after hitting his 756th MLB home run.cite news | first=Jack | last=Curry | coauthors= | title=No. 757 for Bonds follows long night | date=09 Aug 2007 | publisher= | url =http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/09/sports/baseball/09curry.html | work =The New York Times | pages = | accessdate = | language = ]

Career statistics

Negro leagues

The first official statistics for the Negro leagues were compiled as part of a statistical study sponsored by the National Baseball Hall of Fame and supervised by Larry Lester and Dick Clark, in which a research team collected statistics from thousands of boxscores of league-sanctioned games. The first results from this study were the statistics for Negro league Hall of Famers elected prior to 2006, which were published in "Shades of Glory" by Lawrence D. Hogan. These statistics include the official Negro league statistics for Josh Gibson:

Source: cite book
last=Holway
first=John B.
title=The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues: The Other Half of Baseball History
publisher=Hastings House Publishers
date=2001
location=Fern Park, FL, USA
isbn=0803820070]

Cuban (Winter) League

Source: citation
last=Figueredo
first=Jorge S.
title=Cuban Baseball: A Statistical History, 1878–1961
place=Jefferson, NC, USA
publisher=McFarland & Company
year=2003
isbn=078641250X ] , pp. 222, 225.

ee also

*List of notable brain tumor patients

References

Further reading

* William Brashler. "Josh Gibson: a Life in the Negro Leagues". Harper & Row, 1978.
* Pedro Treto Cisneros. The Mexican League: Comprehensive Player Statistics. McFarland & Company, 2002.
* Jorge Figueredo. Cuban Baseball: A Statistical History. McFarland & Company, 2003.
* John Holway. The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues. Hastings House, 2001.
* Larry Lester. Black Baseball's National Showcase. University of Nebraska Press, 2001.
* Robert Peterson. Only the Ball Was White.Gramercy, 1970.
* James Riley. The Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Baseball Leagues. Carrol & Graf, 1994.
* Donn Rogosin. Invisible Men. Atheneum, 1983.
* Buckley, James Jr. "1,001 Facts About Hitters." DK Publishing, 2004.
* Ribowsky, Mark. "Josh Gibson The Power and The Darkness." University of Illinois Press, 2004.
* Snyder, Brad: Beyond the Shadow of the Senators, McGraw-Hill, 2004.

External links

* [http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/hofers/detail.jsp?playerId=492568 Baseball Hall of Fame]
* [http://www.pace.edu/library/pages/links/ondisplay/josh.htm Josh Gibson page at Pace University]
* [http://www.gshf.org Georgia Sports Hall of Fame]
* [http://www.nlbpa.com/10dec2004.html News article on 2004 compilation of Negro League statistics] - Includes home-run to at-bat ratio comparison.
* [http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00016050.html ESPN Sportcentury article on Josh Gibson]
* [http://www.baseball-reference.com/bullpen/Josh_Gibson Josh Gibson at Baseball-Reference.com Bullpen]
* [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118894606447517416.html?mod=hpp_europe_leisure An opera about Josh Gibson in the Wall Street Journal]