- USS Trumbull (1776)
The second "Trumbull" — one of the 13 frigates authorized by the
Continental Congress on13 December 1775 — was probably laid down in March or April 1776 atChatham, Connecticut , byJohn Cotton and was launched on5 September 1776 .Troubled Launch
After the frigate had been launched, her builders discovered that her deep draft would make it extremely difficult to get the ship across the bar at the mouth of the
Connecticut River intoLong Island Sound . The following spring, as "Trumbull" lay in the river at Saybrook awaiting assistance in getting out to deep water, her safety became a matter of great concern to Continental naval authorities. In April General Howe ordered General Tryon — the Royal Governor ofNew York — to lead a raid into neighboring Connecticut. Tryon's forces landed at Fairfield, marched inland, and burned Continental public stores at Danbury. A small force of Americans harassed the British troops as they marched back to their ships. Fortunately, Tryon did not attack the berth on the Connecticut River where "Trumbull" — protected by neither gun nor warships — lay virtually defenseless.After three years of inactivity, "Trumbull" was finally freed in 1779. Capt.
Elisha Hinman cleverly suggested thatcask s of water be lashed alongside, port andstarboard , with stout ropes running beneath the keel. When the casks were pumped out, they rose and lifted the ship just enough in the water so as to permit passage over the bar. "Trumbull" then was fitted our for sea at New London, Conn., under the direction ofNathaniel Shaw . On20 September 1779 , Capt. James Nicholson received command of the frigate.Combat Action
Nicholson did not receive his cruising orders until the following spring. Late in May 1780, "Trumbull" sailed for her first foray into the Atlantic. Action was not long in coming. At 1030 on
1 June 1780 , "Trumbull"'s mastheadlookout sighted a sail towindward . In order to remain undetected for as long as possible, the frigate furled her sails until 1130. Then, upon ascertaining the strange ship's size, "Trumbull" then made sail and tacked towards, what soon proved to be the British 32-gunsletter-of-marque "Watt".Nicholson delivered a short exhortation to his men who "most chearfully " [sic] " decided to fight." By noon, Nicholson noted that his ship seemed to "greatly outsail" the enemy and determined to utilize this advantage by moving to windward of the enemy.
"Watt" challenged "Trumbull", running up the
Cross of St. George and firing a gun. "Trumbull", in order to keep her true identity cloaked until the last possible moment, also ran up the British colors. "Watt"'s commanding officer, Capt. Coulthard, initially mistook "Trumbull" "for one of his Majesty's cruising " [sic] " frigates" but soon became suspicious of the frigate's movements and closed to windward. His suspicions were confirmed when "Trumbull" failed to respond to a "private signal".Watt gave "three cheers and a broadside" to commence what
historian Gardner W. Allen considered "one of the hardest fought naval engagements of the war." "Trumbull" soon ran up Continental colors and returned the firstbroadside at a range of 80 yards. For two and one-half hours, the two ships tradedshot in a fierce action. The range — never wider than 80 yards — most of the time was under 50 yards; and once the ship's yards nearly became locked together. Watt twice set the frigate aflame; "Trumbull"' s shot caused fires on board the letter of marque that proved impossible to extinguish until the British ship had cut away much of herrigging . Most of the men in "Watt"'s tops were either killed, or wounded, or driven below.The British ship's hull, rigging, and sails were shot to pieces. Holed below the waterline, the letter of marque took on water at an alarming rate, and her danger was compounded by the fact that the American guns had left her with only one operable
pump . "Trumbull" fared little better. Captain of MarinesGilbert Saltonstall subsequently noted: "We were literally cut all to pieces; not a shroud, stay, brace, bowling, or other rigging standing. Our main top must mast shot away, our fore, main mizzen, and jigger masts gone by the board..."Nicholson's crew lost eight killed and 31 wounded; "Watt" suffered 13 killed and 79 wounded. Both badly battered, the frigate and letter of marque broke off action and retired from the scene of battle. Nicholson eagerly wanted to continue to pursue his adversary until he had been convinced that — even if he managed to repair his only surviving mast — the condition of his crew would not permit another engagement.
"Trumbull" weathered a gale while struggling back to Connecticut and reached
Nantasket on14 June , three days after "Watt" had limped into New York. Nicholson subsequently reported that "was [sic] I to have my choice...I would sooner fight any two-and-thirty gun frigate...on the coast of America, then to fight that ship over again..."Return to Philadelphia
In the meantime, the
Continental Board of Admiralty , after congratulating Nicholson on the "gallantry displayed in the defense" against "Watt" urged him to speed the outfitting of his ship for further service. Lack of money and scarcity of men combined to keep the frigate inactive at Philadelphia for the first part of the year 1781.Defeat
On
8 August 1781 , "Trumbull" — the last remaining frigate of the original 13 authorized by Congress in 1775 — eventually departed from the Delaware capes in company with a 24-gunprivateer and a 14-gun letter-of-marque. Under their protection was a 28-ship merchantconvoy . On28 August 1781 , lookouts on the American ships spotted three sails to the eastward; two tacking to give chase to the convoy.At nightfall, a
rain squall struck with terrific force and carried away "Trumbull"'s fore-topmast and her main topgallantmast. Forced to run before the wind, the frigate separated from the convoy and their escorts, and soon found herself engaged with the frigate HMS|Iris|1777|2; the former Continental frigate "Hancock"; and the 18-gun ship "General Monk," the former Continental privateer "General Washington". Even with the "utmost exertion," the wrecked masts and sails could not be cleared away. Knowing he could not run, Nicholson decided to fight.Trapped, "Trumbull" "beat to quarters," but three-quarters of the crew failed to respond, and instead fled below. Undaunted, Nicholson bravely gathered the remainder. For one hour and 35 minutes, "Trumbull" and "Iris" remained engaged; "General Monk" soon closed and entered the contest as well. "Seeing no prospect of escaping in this unequal contest," Nicholson later wrote "I struck...." Eleven Americans were wounded and five killed during the engagement before "Trumbull" struck her colors.
"Trumbull", by this point almost a
wreck , was taken undertow by the victorious "Iris" to New York. However, because of her severe damage, the British did not take the frigate into theRoyal Navy ; and detail of her subsequent career are lost in the mists of unrecorded history.References
External links
*http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/t8/trumbull-ii.htm DANFS entry on USS Trumbull
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