Historia Caroli Magni

Historia Caroli Magni or Historia Karoli Magni et Rotholandi (History of the life of Charlemagne and Roland), sometimes known as the Pseudo-Turpin Chronicle, is a 12th century^[1] Latin forged chronicle of legendary material about Charlemagne's alleged conquest of Spain. It is also called Book IV – The Conquests of Charlemagne of the Codex Calixtinus (the oldest known manuscript of the text^[1]). The chronicle states it was written by Charlemagne's contemporary Turpin, Archbishop of Reims, but it was found out as a forgery in the Renaissance. The work was extremely popular, and served as a major source of material on Charlemagne in chronicles, fiction and iconography^[2] throughout Medieval Europe.

Origins

The Historia Caroli Magni was declared as authentic by using the name of Pope Calixtus II, who was already dead, when the Pseudo-Turpin wrote his "Historia" (this he did not before 1130). It is, however, not based on historical sources but on the tradition of the chansons de geste, notably the Chanson de Roland (Song of Roland). Its popularity seems to date from the latter part of the 12th century, the period when versions of this epic began to be written down. Gaston Paris, who made a special study of the Historia, considers that the first five chapters were written by a monk of Compostela in the 11th century and the remainder by a monk of Vienne between 1109 and 1119, but this is widely disputed. No conclusive evidence has been given on its real origins.

There are 158 Latin and more than 50 vernacular manuscripts of the story in existence.

Plot

The Chronicle recounts the following incidents^[3] :

At the request of Saint James who appears to him in dream, Charlemagne embarks on four wars to wrest Spain from the Saracens. In the first war, he takes his army to Santiago de Compostela and conquers all of Spain. A second war is brought on to battle the African king Agolant who, briefly, reconquers the country. (During this war, several miracles occur, including flowers sprouting from the lances of the knights.) A third war has Argolant invading south-western France and sieging the city of Agen, but he is forced to retreat to Pamplona. In the fourth war, Charlemagne's great army sieges Pampeluna. After the death of Argolant, Charlemagne's troops pursue the Saracens through Spain.

In a story modeled on David and Goliath,^[4] Roland battles the Saracen giant Ferracutus, who is holding the city of Nájera. They fight for two days, taking truces to rest at night, but during the second night the courteous Roland places a stone beneath the head of the giant as a pillow, and upon waking the giant reveals to Roland that he is only vulnerable in one spot: his navel. In the subsequent battle, Roland's sword finds the spot and the giant is killed.^[5]

Once the last Saracen leaders are defeated, Charlemagne invests Santiago de Compostela with considerable powers and begins the return to France. The chronicle then tells The Song of Roland material: at Roncevaux Pass, Charlemagne's rearguard, which includes Roland, is ambushed by the troops of brothers Marsile and Baligant, kings of Zaragoza, who have bought off the traitor Ganelon. Roland kills Marsile, but is mortally wounded and blows his horn to recall Charlemagne's army. After routing the Saracens, Charlemagne oversees the trial and execution of Ganelon, and the heroes' bodies are brought back to France. Charlemagne invests Basilique Saint-Denis with considerable prerogatives and dies.

The chronicle ends with several appendices, including the purported discovery of Turpin's tomb by Pope Calixtus II and Callixtus' call to crusade.

Interpretations

The text is considered by critics, in part, as a work of propaganda promoting the Way of St. James (many of the sites mentioned in the text are on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela) and Reconquista. The work also paints the knights of the chanson de geste tradition as pious crusading models.^[6]

Influence

The Historia Caroli Magni was a huge success throughout Europe. The popularity of the work is attested by the fact that there are at least nine French translations of the Historia dating from the 13th century of about the same time, all from Northern France.^[7] Some medieval chroniclers used material from it in total faith to discuss the Spanish wars.^[8]

The work was used by the authors of the Grandes Chroniques de France (13th-15th centuries), a vast compilation of historical material.^[9]

There is a Welsh adaptation, dating to the 14th century, and found in the Red Book of Hergest.

An adaptation of the Pseudo-Turpin story of Ferraù and his mortal duel with Orlando (Roland) occurs in the anonymous Franco-Venetian epic L'Entrée d'Espagne (c.1320; the author is thought to be from Padua).^[10][11] The story also appears in the 14th century Italian epic La Spagna (attributed to the Florentine Sostegno di Zanobi and likely composed between 1350-1360)^[12]

Modern editions

The Historia was first printed in 1566 at Frankfurt; perhaps the best edition is the one edited by Ferdinand Castets as Turpini historia Karoli magni et Rotholandi (Paris, 1880). It has been translated many times into French and also into German, Danish and English. The English translation is by Thomas Rodd and is in the History of Charles the Great and Orlando, ascribed to Turpin (London, 1812), available online in PDF format at Google Books, in various formats at the Internet Archive, and in chaptered HTML at Kellcraft Studios Web Textures.

References

• Jesse Crosland. The Old French Epic. New York: Haskell House, 1951.
• (French) Geneviève Hasenohr and Michel Zink, eds. Dictionnaire des lettres françaises: Le Moyen Age. Collection: La Pochothèque. Paris: Fayard, 1992. pp. 292–295. ISBN 2-2530-5662-6
• Gaston Paris, De pseudo-Turpino (Paris, 1865), and Histoire poetique de Charlemagne, new ed. by P. Meyer (1905)
• Victor Henry Friedel, "Études compostellanes" in Otia Merceiana (Liverpool, 1899).
• Luigi Pulci: Morgante: The Epic Adventures of Orlando and His Giant Friend a complete English translation by Joseph Tusiani. Introduction and notes by Edoardo Lèbano. (Indiana University Press, 1998) ISBN 0-253-21407-6
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

1. ^ ^{a b} Hasenohr, 292.
2. ^ Hasenohr, 295. The miracle of the flowering lances and the death of Ferracutus appear on the windows of Chartres cathedral.
3. ^ This resumé is based on Hasenohr, 292-3.
4. ^ Crosland, 26
5. ^ Crosland, 26-27.
6. ^ Hasenohr, 293-4.
7. ^ Gabrielle M. Spiegel, Romancing the past
8. ^ Hasenohr, 294.
9. ^ Hasenohr, 294-5, 296-7.
10. ^ Pulci, notes, p. 890.
11. ^ Crosland, 261-2.
12. ^ Pulci, notes, p. 765 and p. 890.