Optical axis gratings

Optical axis gratings (OAGs) are gratings of optical axis of a birefringent material. In OAGs, the birefringence of the material is constant, while the direction of optical axis is periodically modulated in a fixed direction. In this way they are different from the regular phase gratings, in which the refractive index is modulated and the direction of the optical axis is constant.

The optical axis in OAGs can be modulated in either transverse or the longitudinal direction, which causes it to act as a diffractive or a reflective component. Numerous modulation profiles allow variation in the optical properties of the OAGs.

Examples of OAGs

An example of a transverse OAG, the so-called cycloidal OAG, is shown in Fig. 1. The optical axis in this grating is monotonously modulated in transverse direction. This grating is capable of diffracting "all" incident light into either +1st or −1st order in a micrometer-thick layer cite journal
author = H. Sarkissian, S.V. Serak, N.V. Tabiryan, L.B. Glebov, V. Rotar, B.Ya. Zeldovich
year = 2006
month = August
title = Polarization-controlled switching between diffraction orders in transverse-periodically aligned nematic liquid crystals
journal = Optics Letters
volume = 31
issue = 15
pages = 2248–2250
url = http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?id=90803
doi = 10.1364/OL.31.002248] cite journal
author = H. Sarkissian, N. Tabiryan, B. Park, B. Zeldovich
year = 2006
title = Periodically Aligned Liquid Crystal: Potential application for projection displays
journal = Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
volume = 451
pages = 1–19
doi = 10.1080/154214090959957] . The cycloidal OAGs have already been proven to be very efficient in beam steering and optical switching. ]

In another type of OAG, the optical axis is modulated in the direction of light propagation (Fig. 2) with a modulation period equal to a fraction of the wavelength (200-3000 nm)cite journal
author = H. Sarkissian, N. Tabiryan, B. Zeldovich
title = Polarization-universal bandgap in periodically twisted nematics
journal = Optics Letters
volume = 31
issue = 11
pages = 1678–1680
url = http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?id=89809
doi = 10.1364/OL.31.001678
year = 2006] cite journal
author = H. Sarkissian, B. Zeldovich, N. Tabiryan
title = Longitudinally modulated bandgap nematic structure
year = 2006
uri = http://josab.osa.org/abstract.cfm?id=95673
volume = 23
pages = 1712–1717] . This modulation prevents these frequencies from propagating within the grating, acting as a band-stop filter. As a result, any light with frequency within the matching range will be reflected from the OAG. However, unlike cholesterics which reflect only one of two circular polarizations of incident light, this OAG reflects any polarization ] ] .

Applications

Optical axis gratings can be implemented in various materials, including liquid crystals, polymers, birefringent crystals, magnetic crystals and subwavelength gratings. This new type of grating has broad potential in imaging, liquid crystal display, communication, and numerous military applications.

References