Family law in Japan

The main family law of Japan is Part IV of nihongo|Civil Code|民法|Minpō. nihongo|Family register act|戸籍法|Kosekihō have such provisions as on nihongo|family register|戸籍|Koseki and notification to the public office.

Background

The Ie (家), or "household," was the basic unit of Japanese law until the end of World War II: most civil and criminal matters were considered to involve families rather than individuals. The "Ie" was considered to consist of grandparents, their son and his wife and their children, although even in 1920, 54% of Japanese households already were nuclear families.

This system was formally abolished with the 1947 revision of Japanese family law under the influence of the Allied occupation authorities, and Japanese society began a transition to a more Americanized nuclear family system. However, the number of nuclear families only slightly increased until 1980, when it reached 63% and the Confucian principles underlying the "Ie" concept only gradually faded and are still informally followed to some degree by many Japanese people today.

Marriage

Marriage of Japan's formality takes the form of civil marriage. A marriage gets effective by filing notification of it Nihongo|Civil Code| [http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/M29/M29HO089.html 民法] |Minpō (Act No.89 of 1896): Part IV: Chapter 2. The last effective revision was enforced on 1 January, 2007.] . A wedding ceremony performed by a religious or fraternal body is not the element for a legal marriage.

According to Articles 731-737 of Civil Code ,
*A man before attaining 18 years of age, a woman before attaining 16 years of age, may not marry. (Article 731)
*A minor shall obtain the consent of at least one of his / her parents to marry. (Article 737)
*Bigamy is prohibited. (Article 732)
*A woman may not remarry within 6 months of the day of dissolution or cancellation of the previous marriage, except the case in which she both gets pregnant before the day and gives birth to the child. #1 (Article 733)
*Lineal relatives by blood, collateral relatives within the third degree of kinship by blood #2, may not marry, except between an adopted child and his/her collateral relatives by blood through adoption. #3 (Article 734)
*Lineal relatives by affinity may not marry. #3 (Article 735)
*An adoptive parent or a lineal ascendant of an adoptive parent may not marry with an adopted child, his / her spouse, his / her lineal descendant, or a spouse of his / her lineal descendant. #3 (Article 736)1: It is considered that this remarriage prohibition is to avoid confusion as to the identification of the child's father.

2: between one and one's sibling, uncle, aunt, nephew, niece by blood.

3: It may be a case in which this prohibition shall apply after the termination of a family relationship between the two parties.

If one or both in the couple is a Japanese national, the marriage is recorded in a family register with one concerned Japanese at its head.

It's a rule in principle that the two shall have the family name in common following their marriage. However, if one of them is a non-Japanese, this rule does not apply. In a family register, a foreigner doesn't have his / her own entry, while he / she can be recorded in it as a spouse, for example.

International marriage

Children

A child born to a married woman is assumed to be the child of her husband, although her husband may file in family court to disavow paternity if the paternity of the child is questioned. If a child is born to an unmarried woman, or if paternity is disavowed by the mother's husband, the father may later claim paternity through family court proceedings, or the child may file in family court to force his or her father to be recognized as the father.

Children are given the family name of their parents at the time of birth. If the father is unknown at the time of the child's birth, the child is given the family name of the mother, but may have his or her name changed to the father's family name after the father recognizes paternity.

Divorce

There are four types of divorce in Japan:

* Divorce by agreement ("Kyōgi Rikon"), based on mutual agreement.
* Divorce by mediation in a family court ("Chōtei Rikon"), completed by applying for mediation by the family court (for cases in which divorce by mutual agreement cannot be reached).
* Divorce by decision of the family court ("Shinpan Rikon"), which is divorce completed by family court decision when divorce cannot be established by mediation.
* Divorce by judgment of a district court ("Saiban Rikon"). If divorce cannot be established by the family court, then application is made to the district court for a decision (application for arbitration is a prerequisite). Once the case is decided, the court will issue a certified copy and certificate of settlement, to be attached to the Divorce Registration. Foreign citizens must show evidence that they are able to be divorced in their country of nationality and that the procedures used in Japan are compatible with those of their home country.

Joint custody of children ends upon divorce. In a divorce by agreement, the husband and wife must determine which parent will have custody of each child. In other types of divorce, custody is determined by the mediator or judge, with a strong preference toward custody by the mother (especially with regard to children born after the divorce).

Dispute resolution

Japan has a system of nihongo|family courts|家庭裁判所|Katei Saibansho which have jurisdiction in the first instance over all intra-familial disputes, including divorce and child custody. Family courts employ a mediation system.

References

External links

[http://www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/hourei/data/CC4.pdf English translation (non-official) of Japanese family and inheritance laws (Parts IV and V of Civil Code)]

[http://www.hawaii.edu/aplpj/pdfs/APLPJv8.02_Spring2007_Custody_Jones.pdf Colin P.A. Jones, 'In the Best Interests of the Court: What American Lawyers Need to Know about Child Custody and Visitation in Japan' Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal, Volume 8, Issue 2, Spring 2007]