Law of Germany

The modern German legal system is a system of law which is grounded on the principles laid out by the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, though many of the most important laws as for example most regulations of the civil code ("Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch", or BGB) were developed prior to the 1949 constitution. It is composed of public law ("öffentliches Recht"), which regulates the relations between a citizen/person and the state or two bodies of the state (including criminal law) and the private law ("Privatrecht") which regulates the relations between two people or companies and the criminal law.

History

German law has been subject to many influences over the centuries. Until Medieval times the Early Germanic Law, derived from the Salic Law of the Salian Franks and other tribes were common. With the arrival of the Renaissance, Roman law again began to play a strong role, and later on legal scholars known as the Pandectists revived the formalities of Roman Law as set by Justinian in the Corpus iuris civilis. It became common law "(Gemeines Recht)" in large parts of the German-speaking world and prevailed far into the 19th century. As the Holy Roman Empire was composed of countless little territorial entities, the laws varied very much, according to local traditions and religions. These laws were codified in about local 3000 Weistümer (also called Holtinge or Dingrodel), collections of rural laws.Only in relation to the Imperial superior Court of Justice, the Reichskammergericht, there existed codes of procedure. In addition to these the Corpus Iuris Canonici, the source of the better organized ecclesiastical judicature and the old Corpus Iuris Civilis. Both bodies of law were central part of the education of jurists and therefore generally known among them. So these regulations were used in local procedures as well.

Prussia made an effort to bring in an all-new set of laws with the "Allgemeines Landrecht für die preußischen Staaten" General National Law for the Prussian States) a system of codification, containing laws in relation to the whole spectrum of legal divisions, in the 18th century which, had a great influence on later works.

After the French July Revolution of 1830, revolutionary ideas of the French Revolutionand Napoleon's laws as the Code Civil the Code Pénale and the Code d´ Instruction Criminelle strongly influenced the German legal tradition, especially in the Grand Duchy of Baden, which sometimes only translated codifications of France for its own use.

With the forming of the Deutsches Reich in 1871, a great wave of legal standartization set on, beginning with criminal law and processual law and culminating in the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (Book of Civil Law) after over twenty years of creative process. Important parts of German legislation still contain regulations of these laws. However, the various states always maintained their own laws to an extent and, in modern federal Germany, still do.

In 1919 in Weimar the Weimarer Verfassung (Weimar Constitution) was created: the first democratic constitution of Germany. This was a very liberal and democratic constitution but it did not contain any ethical or political base. It allowed unlimited changes, the only requirement of any legal decision was a formally correct decision of the appropriate legal institution.

This ultimate democratic legal constitution allowed Hitler to change the whole state according to his wishes. The main crimes of National socialism were in form absolutely legal, because the Nazi-dominated Reichstag made the necessary decisions. The Nazis understood law as the execution of the Will of the Führer. Jewish and critical jurists were eliminated, a blood letting, that later could not be made up for, because some of the best jurists,and especially lawyers, were Jews. Many others collaborated with the system. This happened because of adherence to Hitler or in the hope of career advancement, because nobody was forced to participate in political relevant areas.

After the war, the two newly emerged German states generated two different legal systems.The socialist/communist East Germany tried to install new laws strongly influenced by communist and socialist ideology.

The democratic state of West Germany built on existing law. Most of the legal changes of the National socialism were reversed, especially those with ethical criminal content. A new feature was the treatment of the constitution. This constitution was intended avoid the mistakes of the Weimar Constitution. With the reunification of the two states, West German law was set in force for the most part. A fairly recent development is the influence of European law which aims to harmonize laws in the various states of the European Union, so that a lot of the legal developments are taken out of the hand of the federal government and are decided in Brussels instead, where Germany has its own influence on the process along with the other members. Still German law is strongly influenced by federalism, and the individual states "(Länder)" each have their own responsibilities and particular laws, which at times is somewhat inefficient, but on other occasions takes care of regional specialities.German legal tradition has in turn influenced many other countries. Just to name a few, the legal systems of Japan, the Republic of Korea and the Peoples Republic of China are to some extent based on German law.

Public law

Public law (Öffentliches Recht) rules the relations between a citizen or private person and an official entity or between two official entities. E.g., a law which determines taxes is always part of the public law, just like the relations between a public authority of the Federation (Bund) and a public authority of a state (Land). Public law is normally based on the so-called "Über-Unterordnungs-Verhältnis" ("superiority inferiority relationship"). That means that a public authority may define what is to be done, without the consent of the citizen. (E.g., if the authority orders a citizen to pay taxes, the citizen has to pay, even without an agreement.) In return, the authority has to abide by the law and may only order, if empowered by a law.

Constitutional law

The constitution (Verfassung) is called the Grundgesetz (Basic Law) because the drafters saw this legal "corpus" as a provisional document, to be replaced by the constitution of a future united Germany. In reaction to National Socialism the Grundgesetz shows mistrust towards its own people and its own government, and was created as a reaction to the problems of the Weimar Constitution. Where the Weimar Constitution was weak, this constitution, the Basic Law was strong, where the Weimar Constitution left every decision to the free will of the legislator, the basic law defines the boundaries that nobody is allowed to cross. Wherever possible, powers are limited and controlled. The constitutional law "(Verfassungsrecht)" deals, of course, mostly with Germany's constitution and the rights and duties of the various institutions. A major part are the Civil rights which are first in the basic law "(Grundgesetz)" and from which everything else derives. As usual in western democracies, the three powers are separated: the executive is taken care of by the government, the judicative by the courts and judges, and the legislative is managed by the federal and state parliaments. The most important principles, apart from that, are Democracy, Federalism and "Rechtsstaatsprinzip", meaning that the whole of the state must be based on laws. These parts of the Grundgesetz are forbidden to be changed. Decisions may be made according to the definition of these regulations, but the essential content has to be unaffected. The highest authority in constitutional law, and to some extent in German law as a whole, is the Constitutional Court "(Bundesverfassungsgericht)" The Bundesverfassungsgericht is no Supreme Court. It is not a court of last instance. Its only purpose is the protection of the constitution, by control of the actions of government, judicative and legislative according to constitutional procedures and the ensuring of constitutional rights and duties. Here, the various parts of the state can dispute about the extent of their authority, but it is also the place to appeal to when a citizen feels that he is being deprived of his civil rights. This particular matter takes up a lot of the court's work and often reshapes the legal process itself if the law finds that a certain law does in fact interfere with civil rights. Decisions of other courts are varied only with regard to violations of the constitution. Other mistakes are not relevant. Again, European law has a certain influence here as the Grundgesetz is no longer the sole source of law, instead it is joined by the treaties and laws of the European Union. Apart from the constitution of the Federal Republic, each state ("Land") has its own constitution and, necessarily, its own constitutional law and court. Nonetheless the Grundgesetz and the Bundesverfassungsgericht are appropriate to actions of the states ("Länder") and their branches.

Criminal law

Criminal law in the narrow sense of the word is a matter of Federal law in Germany. Main source of law here is the "Strafgesetzbuch" which originates in the Reichsstrafgesetzbuch. No one under 14 years old is held responsible for crimes at court, and for people under the age of 18 and in case of missing maturity under the age of 21 there are special courts and some adjustments to the criminal law as well. In court, a prosecutor ("Staatsanwalt", a civil servant) enforces the prosecution, and the defendant can (in many cases has to) choose a lawyer to defend him. The office of the prosecutor "(Staatsanwaltschaft)", together with the police forces, handle the inquiries in the case at hand, yet they are no party of the process and are supposed to be as objective as possible. The Judgement is passed out by a judge or in higher courts a team of judges, of which in several cases two are ordinary citizens (Schöffen)- German law does not know juries. Sentences stretch from fines to life imprisonment, which is usually open to appeal after 15 or more years because of constitutional reasons. The actual death penalty is explicitly forbidden by the constitution. Extremely dangerous persons can be turned over to psychiatric treatment or have to stay in prison as long as necessary (which can mean for the rest of their lives)"(Sicherungsverwahrung)" in addition to their punishment.

Private law

Private law ("Privatrecht") rules the relations between two private legal entities (for example a buyer and a seller, an employer and an employee, a tenant and a landlord) or two entities that act on the same level as private persons (an authority buys its pencils from a private company). In contrast, whenever a state agency exercises official power, private law is not to be applied.

Civil law

Civil law ("Bürgerliches Recht") determines the relationships among persons and/or legal entities, i.e. those who do not fall into a special category (like merchants or employees). The most important reference of this area is the Civil Law Book ("Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch", BGB), which consists of 5 major parts: the common/general part, the law of obligations, property law, family law and law of succession.

The most important principle of the BGB is "Privatautonomie", which states that all citizens have the right to rule their own affairs without interference from the state, especially in the disposal of their property according to their will and the creation of contracts with partners and with the contents they like. Because of this, most of the rules in the BGB are only supplied in case that the partners of a contract did not make an agreement on that special point themselves. However, in the last few years there has been a tendency towards more regulation, especially between a professional and a consumer, declaring contracts invalid which place an undue burden on one party. Other groups of people that enjoy protection are minors and people in a weak economic position.

The most important creation of the BGB is the Principle of Abstraction (Abstraktionsprinzip). According to this principle, contracts only create an obligation, but there are no actual changes to the legal correlation concerning the object of the contract. To create these changes by fulfillment of the obligation, a different contract, regulated in property law is necessary. By this way, the sale of a burger in exchange for one Euro means three different contracts. One contract concluded by coincident declarations of intent, where the parties agree to buy one burger to the payment one Euro and to create the obligation of the seller, to transfer the burger and to provide property on the burger, to create the obligation of the buyer to transfer the Euro and to provide property on the burger and finally to create a dependence between these two obligations. The second contract consists of the transfer of the burger and the coincident declarations of intent to provide property by doing so. The third contract consists of the transfer of the Euro and the coincident declarations of intent to provide property by doing so. This doesn't mean that contracts in Germany are more complicated to the people involved. Especially the contracts of everyday life do not differ with those in other countries in their outer appearance. For instance, if someone buys a newspaper at a newsstand without saying one single word to the seller, all the three contracts which are mentioned above are fulfilled by conclusive demeanor.

Procedural law

The procedural system of German is based on a highly active role of the judge or the judges. In all branches of jurisprudence the judge takes evidence himself, only assisted by the parties or their lawyers, although in some branches the court is limited to proof, referred by the parties.In court, both parties have the same rights and duties. Each side can (in higher courts has to) require the services of one or several attorneys. They present facts and evidence for their version of the case of their own accord and without the help of the judge, who then makes his judgement independently. With exception of the social law some parts of the employment law the costs of all the participants of the lawsuit (including the costs of the opponent) have to be paid by the loser.

See also

*Legal systems of the world
*Japanese law, which is based heavily on German civil law

Articles about specific German laws

*Grundgesetz
*Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch
*Strafgesetzbuch
*Luftsicherheitsgesetz
*Völkerstrafgesetzbuch

External links

* [http://www.internetratgeber-recht.de/deutsches_recht/english/german_law.htm Introduction into the German law system] - History of German law, Organisation of the state, Sections of law, Sources of German law, Jurisdiction, Professions of law
* [http://www.cgerli.org/ Centre for German Legal Information] - the gateway to German law in English
* [http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/ German Law Archive]
* [http://wings.buffalo.edu/law/bclc/germind.htm Penal Code of the Federal Republic of Germany]
* [http://www.LG2G.info The Legal Guide to Germany]