HMS Manchester (15)

The second HMS "Manchester" (C15) was a Town-class light cruiser of the Royal Navy. She belonged to the "Gloucester" subclass. She was laid down by Hawthorn Leslie at Hebburn in March 1936, launched in April the following year and commissioned in August 1938. She had a relatively short, but active, career.

Early war service

"Manchester" was serving in the East Indies with the 4th Cruiser Squadron at the outbreak of war, but was ordered home and arrived back Britain on 25 November 1939. She subsequently served with the Home Fleet at Scapa Flow, on Northern Patrol duties, capturing the German merchantman "Wahehe" on 21 February 1940. She first saw action during the ill-fated Norwegian campaign in 1940, where she won her first battle honour. She was then based in the Humber for anti-invasion duties, but on 15 September sailed to the Mediterranean for Operation Collar. In 1941, "Manchester", along with other Royal Navy warships, engaged an Italian cruiser squadron, in an engagement that became known as the battle of Cape Spartivento.

"Bismarck" and the Mediterranean convoys

"Manchester" returned to Britain on 13 December 1940 and spent the first four months of 1941 under refit, then patrolled the Denmark Straits during the "Bismarck" sortie. In July she returned to the Mediterranean for an important Malta convoy, but on 23 July she was hit on the port quarter by an aerial torpedo and badly damaged. Temporary repairs were made at Gibraltar, and the ship then sailed for Philadelphia for complete repair. This was finished on 27 February 1942, after which she returned to Portsmouth, where final work was completed by the end of April. On her return to service she joined the Home Fleet at Scapa Flow during the first week of May, then carried out Russian convoy cover duties and the reinforcement of Spitsbergen. In August she returned to the Mediterranean.

inking

"Manchester" took part in Operation Pedestal, an operation to supply the besieged island of Malta, and which cost a number of warships, including the loss of the carrier HMS "Eagle". During the operation, on 13 August, she was torpedoed by two Italian "Ms" torpedo boats off Tunisia, killing several of her crew, and she was subsequently scuttled by explosive charges. [There is some disagreement about "Manchester"s fatalities among the sources: The following websites mention 150 "lost":
* [http://www.btinternet.com/~a.c.walton/navy/rn-cr4.html#prof www.btinternet.com]
* [http://archive.bromsgroveadvertiser.co.uk/2002/11/6/241065.html#prof bromsgroveadvertiser.co.uk]

A more accurate account of the cruiser casualties reports 132 killed or missing and 568 survivors (rescued either by Allied forces or Vichy authorities). [Kemp, Paul:"The Admiralty Regrets: British Warship Losses of the 20th Century", Sutton Publishing,1999] .

Other sources only mention the deaths as result of the torpedo impact (about a dozen). [Woodman, Richard: "Malta Convoys, 1940-1943", Jack Murray Ltd., London, 2000] .]

Aftermath

Her commanding officer, Captain Harold Drew, was court-martialled due to the Admiralty's belief that the ship was still navigable and capable of reaching a neutral port. Captain Drew was initially led to believe that he was taking part in an enquiry, and was only informed at the end of the trial that he was in fact being charged with negligence by a court martial.Fact|date=March 2008 He was found guilty, and was reprimanded and dismissed. It was and remains a contentious decision; the ship had been very badly damaged, and the Captain had feared the ship, including her radar gear, might fall into enemy hands. Many of the ship's crew were rescued by an Allied warship, however, many became prisoners of the Vichy French in Tunisia. Notably, the surviving crew soundly support Captain Drew's assessment both of the ship's situation, and his decision to scuttle her, with one seaman stating "We were down to 10-15% ammunition, listing at nearly 45 degrees, with one engine destroyed and not much hope of getting the other working. [Captain Drew] decided that his choices were to wait until dawn and get blown to buggery, or to save the men."

In 2002, "Manchester" was the subject of a documentary by ITV, called "Running the Gauntlet".

Battle honours

*Norway 1940
*Spartivento 1941
*Malta 1942
*Arctic 1942

Notes

References

*Colledge
*cite book|last=Chesneau|first=Roger (ed.)|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1922-1946|year=1980|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=London|id=ISBN 0-85177-146-7
* [http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/1234.html HMS Manchester at Uboat.net]
* [http://www.world-war.co.uk/index.php3 HMS Manchester - WWII cruisers]