HMS Liverpool (1909)

HMS "Liverpool" was a 4,800 ton Town-class light cruiser of the British Royal Navy commissioned in 1909. Named for the port city of "Liverpool", the cruiser served continuously in home waters subordinated to the Home Fleet from 1909 through the initial stages of the First World War.

During the war, "Liverpool" fought in the Battle of Heligoland Bight, operated off the coast of West Africa, and served in the Adriatic and Aegean. The cruiser was notably involved in the rescue of the crew of "Audacious" on 27 October 1914 and attempted to tow the ship to port before the battleship capsized and exploded. After the Armistice was signed, "Liverpool" served in the Black Sea during the Russian Civil War until placed in reserve in June 1919.

History

Grand Fleet (1914-1915)

Built by Vickers Sons & Maxim at Barrow-in-Furness, she was the first "Liverpool" to be named for the port city in the 20th Century and the first to be constructed of steel. Launched on 30 October 1909 and commissioned in 1910, "Liverpool" was one of five cruisers ordered to the Bristol sub-class specification. The Bristol was the first medium (or 2nd class) cruiser design to be built for the Royal Navy since the late 19th Century. Their main armament consisted of two convert|6|in|mm|abbr=on and ten convert|4|in|mm|abbr=on guns — a mixed configuration deemed "unsatisfactory" and discontinued in the subsequent Weymouth sub-class in favour of a uniform complement of eight convert|6|in|mm|abbr=on guns. [Gray, Randal (1985), p52]

She was assigned to the 1st Battle Squadron of the Home Fleet on commission and transferred to the 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron in 1913. At the beginning of the First World War, "Liverpool" was serving with the 5th Light Cruiser Squadron. She participated in the first engagement of the war, the Battle of Heligoland Bight, on 28 August 1914 grouped with five other Town cruisers under command of Commodore William Goodenough. [Osborne, Eric W. (2006), "The Battle of Heligoland Bight", p52] After the German cruiser "Mainz" was heavily damaged and disabled, Goodenough ordered his ships to cease firing on her at 12:55 pm and a rescue operation was subsequently undertaken. "Liverpool", accompanied by the destroyers "Firedrake" and "Lurcher", manoeuvred close to the cruiser in an effort to recover the surviving crew. Small craft from "Liverpool" were deployed to retrieve crewmembers who had abandoned ship while "Lurcher" positioned alongside "Mainz" to transfer the remaining personnel on board. [Osborne, Eric W. (2006), "The Battle of Heligoland Bight", pp91-2] "Liverpool" detached from the main force at 7:45 pm to transport 86 embarked prisoners to Rosyth, including a son of Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz. [Osborne, Eric W. (2006), "The Battle of Heligoland Bight", p103]

Two-months later, on 27 October, "Liverpool" was in the company of "Audacious" when the battleship struck a mine during a morning exercise by the Grand Fleet off the coast of Ireland. Unsure of the circumstances of the incident, the Admiralty ordered the fleet to withdraw as a precaution while "Liverpool" remained as an escort. "Audacious" attempted to proceed to Lough Swilly but the flooding proved to be grievous. Other vessels, including the liner RMS "Olympic", converged on the position after "Audacious" transmitted an SOS. Repeated attempts to tow the immobile "Audacious" were ineffectual and the crew was steadily evacuated. [Younghusband, Norman (2006),"The Development of Mine Warfare: A Most Murderous and Barbarous Conduct", p83] The battleship capsized and exploded at 20:45 with the loss of a petty officer onboard "Liverpool", killed by scattered debris fragments.

Adriatic and Aegean (1915-1918)

In 1915, "Liverpool" was detached from the Grand Fleet and sent to patrol the coast of West Africa in support of a search for the armed merchant cruiser "Kronprinz Wilhelm". "Liverpool's" mission was unsuccessful and the cruiser arrived at her namesake port in June for boiler repairs. After the repairs were completed, "Liverpool" deployed to the Mediterranean in November. She was ported in Brindisi, which functioned as a naval base for Allied warships operating in the Adriatic against Austria-Hungary. The cruiser, in concert with the Italian "Bronzetti", pursued the Austrian destroyer "Wildfang" in February 1916, necessitating the latter's retreat to Cattaro. [Halpern, Paul G. (1995), "A Naval History of World War I", p158] During the Battle of the Otranto Straits, "Liverpool" was under command of Captain G.H. Vivian and at a reduced state of readiness. Her unpreparedness was compounded by the captain's decision to use the cruiser's reduced state as an opportunity to undergo routine maintenance of the cruiser's boilers.Halpern, Paul G. (2004), "The Battle of the Otranto Straits: Controlling the Gateway to the Adriatic in WWI", p71] Signals received from Saseno classified as "Urgent" were intercepted at 0350 am and disregarded because "Liverpool"'s wireless room was unable to read Italian and had been the recipient of similar signals previously. Ultimately, "Liverpool" remained in port and no order was issued by Admiral Alfredo Acton for "Liverpool" to sail despite the cruiser's eventual readiness and Captain Vivian's personal request. [Halpern, Paul G. (2004), "The Battle of the Otranto Straits: Controlling the Gateway to the Adriatic in WWI", p110]

"Liverpool" was transferred to the Aegean Squadron in January 1918. Armistices with the Central Powers were signed later that year. With the Black Sea's accessibility restored and the Allies committed to intervention during the Russian Civil War, "Liverpool" was ordered to the region and engaged in operations supporting the "White" Army from November. On the 23rd, "Liverpool" and the French armoured cruiser "Ernest Renan", escorted by two Australian destroyers, transported military delegations to the port of Novorossisk to establish contact with Russian General Denikin. [Kinvig, Clifford (2006), "Churchill's Crusade: The British Invasion of Russia, 1918-1920", p94] She returned to Britain in mid-1919 and was relegated to reserve status in June, berthed at Devonport Dockyard.

Placed on the disposal list in March 1920, "Liverpool" was sold to Stanlee, then acquired by Slough Trading Company in November 1921 and broken up in Germany. [Colledge, J.J. & Warlow, Ben (2003), "Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of All Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy", p193] A silver bell and plate were preserved and presented to the Birkenhead-built battleship "Rodney". They came into the possession of the sixth "Liverpool" in the late 1930s as gifts following the light cruiser's commission. [ [http://www.lancs.ac.uk/staff/ecagrs/visit.htm A City’s Gift to Warship. H.M.S. Liverpool in the Mersey] , The Times, 9 January 1939, ancs.ac.uk. Accessed 25 April 2008.]

Image gallery

Notes

References

*Colledge
*Jane's Fighting Ships of World War One (1919), Jane's Publishing Company
* Gray, Randal (1985), "Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships, 1906-1921", Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5

External links

* [http://web.archive.org/web/20030621115727/http://warships1.com/ Warships1.com - Bristol-class cruiser (webarchive)]
* [http://www.worldwar1.co.uk/light-cruiser/hms-Bristol.html Worldwar1.co.uk - Bristol-class cruiser]