Formica

Taxobox

---

image_width = 260px
image_caption = "Formica rufa" collecting
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Arthropoda
classis = Insecta
ordo = Hymenoptera
familia = Formicidae
subfamilia = Formicinae
tribus = Formicini
genus = "Formica"
genus_authority = Linnaeus, 1758
type_species = "Formica rufa"
diversity_link = Formica
diversity = c. 200
subdivision_ranks = Species
subdivision = "Formica aquilonia"
"Formica cunicularia"
"Formica exsecta"
"Formica exsectoides"
"Formica fusca"
"Formica lugubris"
"Formica polyctena"
"Formica pratensis"
"Formica rufa"
"Formica rufibarbis"
"Formica sanguinea"
many more, see text

"Formica" is a genus of ants. It is the type genus of the family Formicidae and the subfamily Formicinae, and in turn "Formica"'s own type species is the European red wood ant "Formica rufa". Common names for this group are wood ant, mound ant, and field ant. Many of the better known forest species have common names that include the words "wood ant", although "F.rufa" is also known as the "horse ant". (However in German, the equivalent term "Rossameise" refers to the carpenter ants of the genus "Camponotus".)

As the name wood ant implies, many "Formica" species live in wooded areas where there exists no shortage of material with which they can thatch their mounds. The most shade tolerant species are "F. lugubris" in Eurasia and "F. subaenescens (fusca)" in North America. However, sunlight is important to most "Formica" species, and colonies rarely survive for any considerable period in deeply shaded, dense woodland. The majority of species, especially outside the "rufa" species group, are inhabitants of more open woodlands or treeless grassland or shrubland. In North America, at least, these habitats had a long history of frequent landscape-scale fires that kept them open before European settlement. Conversion to agriculture and fire suppression have reduced the abundance of most American "Formica", while the cessation of traditional haycutting seems to have had the same effect in Europe. However, at least a few "Formica" species may be found in a wide range of habitats from cities to seasides to grasslands to swamps to forests of the temperate Northern Hemisphere.

Mound building, forest dwelling "Formica" like "F. rufa" often have a considerable effect on their environment. They maintain large populations of aphids on whose secretions they feed, and the ants defend them from other predators. They also prey on other insects. In fact in many countries they are introduced in forests to control tree pests, such as swains jack pine sawfly and eastern tent caterpillars in North America. The effects of mound-building grassland species such as "F. montana" are not well-studied but their local abundance, conspicuous mound-building and very frequent association with aphids and membracids points to a comparable important ecological role.

"Formica" nests are of many different types from simple shaft-and-chamber excavations in soil with a small crater or turrent of soil above to large mounds, under stones or logs, or in stumps. None are arboreal. The genus is abundant in both the Nearctic and Palearctic Regions. Due to their relatively large size and diurnal activity, they are among the more commonly seen ants in northern North America.

There are many species of "Formica" (ITIS records nearly 200). Some species, including "Formica rufa", which is common in Southern England, make large visible nests of dry plant stems, leaves, or conifer needles, usually based around a rotting stump. Wood ants typically secrete formic acid; "F. rufa" can squirt the acid from its acidopore several feet if alarmed, a habit which may have given rise to the archaic term for ant pismire, and by analogy its American equivalent piss-ant. They can be relatively large: "F. rufa" workers can reach a maximum length of around 10 mm. The eastern US species "F. dolosa" and the western "F. ravida (=haemorrhoidalis)" may reach slightly greater lengths.

"Formica" are notable for their parasitic and slave making behaviors. There are three categories.

In the "exsecta" and "rufa-microgyna" groups, virgin queens cannot start colonies on their own, but invade colonies of other groups and by various processes eventually oust the host queen and have the host workers help them raise their own brood. Eventually the colony consists of only the invading queen's offspring. This is called temporary social parasitism.

In the "sanguinea" group, colonies are started as above, but then in some species of the group workers go out and raid colonies of other groups for new workers to act as a work force, so-called slaves (but this is a poor analogy). Some species of this group need to do this to survive, for others it is optional.

The "pallidefulva, neogagates", and "fusca" groups are those most often parasitized by the above groups. They are also enslaved by ants of the genus "Polyergus". The evolution of this behavior is believed ultimately to have been derived from the common habit of many "Formica" species of adopting recently mated queens into established colonies. Indeed, in many of the parasitic species outside the "slave-makers", this "secondary polygyny" is common.

pecies

* "Formica aquilonia" Yarrow
* "Formica cunicularia" Latreille
* "Formica exsecta" Nylander
* "Formica exsectoides"
* "Formica fusca" Linnaeus (F. (Serviformica) fusca)
* "Formica lemani" Bondroit
* "Formica lugubris" Zetterstedt
* "Formica obscuripes" Forel, 1886
* "Formica polyctena"
* "Formica pratensis" Retzius
* "Formica rufa" Linnaeus
* "Formica rufibarbis" F.
* "Formica sanguinea" Latreille Fabricius - enslaves other ant species [cf. P. Huber via Darwin's Origin of Species, in [http://www.bartleby.com/11/8003.html Chapter VIII. Instinct] ]
* "Formica transkaucasica" Nasonov

External links

* [http://www.myrmecos.net/formicinae/formica.html Myrmecos.net: Formica ant image gallery]

References