Grand Canal (Ireland)

The Grand Canal ( _ga. An Chanáil Mhór) is the southernmost of a pair of canals that connect Dublin, in the east of the country, with the River Shannon in the west, the two canals nearly encircling Dublin's inner city. Its sister canal on the Northside of Dublin is the Royal Canal. The last cargo barge passed through the Grand Canal in 1960. [ [http://www.sip.ie/sip070/A%20History%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canal.html A History of the Grand Canal] ]

Branches

There are a number of branches off the Grand Canal, some of which have been closed and of these, some subsequently restored and reopened.

* James Street Basin (most of the route now used by the Luas)
* Milltown feeder
* Naas/Corbally
* Blackwood feeder
* Edenderry
* Kilbeggan
* Ballinasloe (technically a canal off the River Shannon - now used by Bord na Móna industrial railway)

History

Although the idea of connecting Dublin to the Shannon was proposed as early as 1715 [cite book|author=Ruth Delaney|title=Ireland's Inland Waterways|publisher=Appletree Press|date=2004] , it wasn't until 1757 that the Irish Parliament granted Thomas Omer £20,000 to start construction of a canal. By 1759 he reported that 3km (2 mi) in the Bog of Allen and 13 km (8 mi) of canal from the Liffey near Sallins towards Dublin were complete. By 1763 he had completed 3 locks and 6 bridges towards Dublin and was concentrating on establishing a water supply from the "River Morrell" near Sallins. At this point the Corporation of Dublin realised that the canal could be used to improve the water supply to the city, and put up the money to complete the canal into the city. But when the canal was filled, the banks gave way and the city didn't obtain its water. By 1768, £77,000 had been spent on the project and little more was forthcoming.

In 1772 the Grand Canal Company was established by a group of noblemen and merchants, including public subscription, to ensure the future of the canal and to tackle the biggest barrier to the canal, the Bog of Allen. This was a new venture for canals. The company invited John Smeaton and his assistant William Jessop to Ireland for two weeks to advise them. Smeaton made a recommendation to skirt round the bog but to build the canal at the full height, in contrast to Omer's efforts which attempted to drain parts of the bog and build at a lower level. This was to prove an expensive mistake, although he also advised reducing the generous locks that Omer had built (42m by 6 m / 137 ft by 20 ft) to 18m by 4m (60 ft by 14 ft), which would bring about considerable savings in the total cost of the canal.

The canal from Sallins was finally opened to traffic in 1779 and a twice-weekly passenger service from Sallins to Dublin started in 1780. The canal was extended to Robertstown in 1784, including the Leinster Aqueduct across the Liffey, constructed by Richard Evans [cite book|title=Guide to the Grand Canal|publisher=Waterways Service|date=1995|edition=5th] , and to a junction with the river Barrow at Athy by 1791. The circular line through Dublin from Portobello to Ringsend, where large docks adjacent to the Liffey were constructed, was started in 1790 and opened in 1796. The company had by then turned its attention to completing the link with the Shannon. Getting across the Bog of Allen took more than five years of struggle under the guidance of Jessop, who attempted to use walls of clay to support the walls of the canal. Though the canal was opened to Daingean in 1797, serious breaches occurred and Jessop was forced to abandon this method. The continuation to the Shannon then continued under the leadership of John Killaly, who succeeded in crossing another bog by carrying out drainage works for several years before construction. The work was substantially completed in 1803, but because of leakages and a dry summer the official opening had to be delayed until April 1804.

The whole work had cost in the region of £877,000 [Delany op cit. p88] and it was some years before it began to make a profit, although regular dividends had been paid to shareholders. Trade increased from 100,000 tons in 1800 to double that in 1810. Revenues from passenger boats also increased to £90,000 by that date. But the long saga had prompted a rival venture, the Royal Canal, which started construction in 1790 and was finally opened in 1817 after the government had stepped in to resolve disputes between the two companies.

Route

The Grand Canal begins at the River Liffey in Grand Canal Dock and continues through to the River Shannon with various branches, including a link to the River Barrow waterway at Athy.

From Grand Canal Dock it passes through Ringsend and then traverses the southside, delineating the northern extremities of Ballsbridge, Ranelagh, Rathmines, Harolds Cross and Crumlin. At Inchicore can be seen the path of the original branch to the Guinness brewery and James Street Basin which was filled in the 1970's. Most of the route of this branch is now used by the Red Luas Line.

From there the canal heads west through the suburbs of Dublin West and into Kildare. At Sallins the Naas/Corbally branch diverts southwards while the Grand Canal continues west passing Caragh, Prosperous and Robertstown, its highest point. At Caragh, the Grand Canal passes over the River Liffey at the [http://walks.iwai.ie/grand/graphics/liffey_aqueduct_150_16m.jpgLeinster Aqueduct] . Just east of Robertstown is the location where the Blackwood Feeder used to join the canal, whilst just to the west can be found the busiest junction on the canal where the Old Barrow Line, Milltown Feeder and the entrances to the Athy & Barrow Navigation. Further west, the canal passes Edenderry, Tullamore and Rahan before it reaches the Shannon at Shannon Harbour in County Offaly. In total the main line of the canal is 131 kilometres (82 miles) with 43 locks, five of which are double locks.

Disasters

In December 1792, there was a major accident on the Grand Canal. A passage boat left Dublin bound for Athy. It seems that one hundred and fifty people, many of them drunk, forced their way onto a barge, in spite of the captain warning them that the boat would capsize if they did not leave. Near the eighth lock, five men, four women and two children drowned when the boat capsized. The rest of the passengers escaped.

On the evening of Saturday, 6th April, 1861 in Portobello Harbour, a horse-drawn bus, driven by Patrick Hardy, had just dropped a passenger on the canal when one of the horses started to rear. The horses backed the bus through the wooden rails of the bridge. The bus, horses and six passengers inside the bus, plunged into the cold waters and were drowned. The conductor was able to jump clear and the driver was pulled from the water by a passing policeman.

Unfortunately there have been a large number of drownings in the Grand Canal since it opened in 1756.

Ownership

Until 1950 the "Grand Canal Company" had ownership of the canal, when the [http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1950_12.html Transport Act, 1950] transferred the canal to Córas Iompair Éireann. This situation continued until the [http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1986_3.html Canals Act, 1986] gave it to the Office of Public Works. Under the terms of the Good Friday Agreement of 1998, a new all-Ireland body called Waterways Ireland was established in 1999 and assumed responsibility for most inland navigable waterways including the Grand Canal.

Notes

ee also

*List of bridges over the Grand Canal in Greater Dublin
*Canals of Ireland
*Rivers of Ireland
*Transport in Ireland

External links

* [http://www.iwai.ie/nav/grandcanal.html Information and maps of the Grand Canal (from Inland Waterways Association of Ireland)]
* [http://www.sip.ie/sip070/A%20History%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canal.html The Grand Canal: A History]
* [http://www.waterwaysireland.org/ Waterways Ireland]
* [http://www.industrialheritageireland.info/canals/kilbeggan/index.htm Kilbeggan Branch Photographs]
* [http://www.kelt.ie/waterwaysnet/blackwood-feeder-history.asp History of the Blackwood Feeder]