Molar solubility

Molar solubility

Molar solubility is the number of moles of a substance (the solute) that can be dissolved per liter of solution before the solution becomes saturated. It can be calculated from a substance's Solubility Product constant (Ksp) and Stoichiometry. The units are mol/L, sometimes written as M.

Calculation

Given excess of a simple salt AxBy in an aqueous solution of no common ions (A or B already present in the solution), the amount of it which enters solution can be calculated as follows:

The Chemical equation for this salt would be:
{\text{A}_x \text{B}_y}_{(s)} \Longleftrightarrow x \text{A}_{(aq)}  +  y \text{B}_{(aq)}\,
where A, B are ions and x, y are coefficients...

1. The relationship of the changes in amount (of which mole is a unit), represented as N(∆), between the species is given by Stoichiometry as follows:
-\frac{N_{ AxBy(\Delta)}}{1} = \frac{N_{A(\Delta)}}{x} = \frac{N_{B(\Delta)}}{y}\,
which, when rearranged for ∆A and ∆B yields:
N_{A(\Delta)} = -xN_{AxBy(\Delta)}\,
N_{B(\Delta)} = -yN_{AxBy(\Delta)}\,


2. The Deltas(∆), Initials(i) and Finals(f) relate very simply since, in this case, Molar solubility is defined assuming no common ions are already present in the solution.
N_{(i)} + N_{(\Delta)} = N_{(f)}\, The Difference law

N_{A(i)} = 0\,
N_{B(i)} = 0\,

Which condense to the identities
N_{A(f)} = N_{A(\Delta)}\,
N_{B(f)} = N_{B(\Delta)}\,


3. In these variables (with V for volume), the Molar solubility would be written as:
S_0 = -\frac{N_{ AxBy(\Delta)}}{V}\,

4. The Solubility Product expression is defined as:
K_{sp} = [A]^x[B]^y\,



These four sets of equations are enough to solve for S0 algebraically:

K_{sp} = {\left(\frac{N_{A(f)}}{V}\right)}^x {\left(\frac{N_{B(f)}}{V}\right)}^y\,

K_{sp} = {\left(\frac{N_{A(\Delta)}}{V}\right)}^x {\left(\frac{N_{B(\Delta)}}{V}\right)}^y\,

K_{sp} = \frac{{(N_{A(\Delta)})}^x {(N_{B(\Delta)})}^y}{V^{(x+y)}}\,

K_{sp} = \frac{{(-xN_{AxBy(\Delta)})}^x {(-yN_{AxBy(\Delta)})}^y}{V^{(x+y)}}\,

K_{sp} = \frac{{(-1)}^x {(x)}^x {(N_{AxBy(\Delta)})}^x {(-1)}^y {(y)}^y {(N_{AxBy(\Delta)})}^y}{V^{(x+y)}}\,

K_{sp} = x^x y^y \frac{{(-1)}^x {(-1)}^y {(N_{AxBy(\Delta)})}^x {(N_{AxBy(\Delta)})}^y}{V^{(x+y)}}\,

K_{sp} = x^x y^y \frac{{(-1)}^{(x+y)}{(N_{AxBy(\Delta)})}^{(x+y)}}{V^{(x+y)}}\,

\frac{K_{sp}}{x^x y^y} = {\left(-\frac{N_{AxBy(\Delta)}}{V}\right)}^{(x+y)}\,

\frac{K_{sp}}{x^x y^y} = {\left(S_0\right)}^{(x+y)}\,

Hence;

S_0 = \sqrt[(x+y)]{\frac{K_{sp}}{x^x y^y}}\,


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