Esperanto and Novial compared

Esperanto and Novial compared

Alphabet and Pronunciation

Both Esperanto and Novial are written using versions of the Latin alphabet. The Esperanto alphabet has 28 letters: 22 without diacritics and 6 with diacritics unique to Esperanto: "ĉ", "ĝ", "ĥ", "ĵ", "ŝ" and "ŭ". Novial uses the standard 26 letters of the Latin alphabet with no diacritics.

Passive Voice

The difference between the passive of becoming and the passive of being is not always immediately obvious to English speakers because their forms can often be the same. However, in English the passive of becoming is often expressed with the verb "get" in the sense of "become" as well as with the verb "be".

Passive Voice of Becoming

Esperanto uses an appropriate form of the auxiliary verb "esti" ("to be") followed by a passive participle (present, past or future according to sense). With many verbs Esperanto may, instead of the passive voice, use the suffix "-iĝ-" to form an intransitive verb of becoming, which is conjugated in the active voice (see table below).

Novial uses the auxiliary verb "bli" ("to get, become, be" from the equivalent auxiliary verb "bli" in Scandinavian languages) followed by the root form of the verb. The various tenses and moods are expressed regularly using the other auxiliary verbs "ha", "had", "sal", "saled" and "vud", the word order corresponding to the English.

External links

* [http://www.akademio-de-esperanto.org/fundamento/ "Fundamento de Esperanto"]
* [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/5037/AIL.html An International Language] : Otto Jespersen's 1928 book which introduced Novial. Contains discussion of earlier auxiliary languages including Esperanto.
* [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/5037/OJcom.html OTTO JESPERSEN His Work for an International Auxiliary Language] By Henry Jacob, 1943, Comparative Texts comparing Esperanto, Novial, Ido, Occidental, Latino sine flexione, Esperanto and English.
* [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/5037/PAL.html A PLANNED AUXILIARY LANGUAGE] By Henry Jacob, 1947. A detailed comparative study of interlinguistics with full grammatical details of five systems of demonstrated usefulness, Esperanto, Ido, Occidental, Novial, and Latino sine flexione.
* [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/5037/nonmed.html About Direct Derivation in International Languages] By Friedrich Auerbach, 1930 (in Novial).

ee also

*Ido and Novial compared
*Esperanto and Ido compared
*Esperanto and Interlingua compared
* List of constructed languages


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