Landtag

A Landtag ("Diet") is a representative assembly or parliament in German-speaking countries with some legislative authority.

The German word "Landtag" is composed of the words "Land" (meaning state, country, territory) which names a political entity comparable to a federal state (in German "Bundesland") and the word "Tag". Tag is literally for "day" and comes from the fact that in ancient times the assembly was held for a single day (the Latin name "dietas" has the same root) with the derived verbal form "tagen" meaning to sit and to hold a meeting in modern German.

Ancient Landtag

Holy Roman Empire

In the feudal society, the formal class system was reflected in the composition of the state's 'representative' assembly (The States ("Landstände")), regardless of its name well described as estates: it was not intended as an elected reflection of the public opinion, but a fixed expression of the established power as recognized in formal privileges, including the right to seat in person (granted to many aristocrats and prelates, as well as certain cities) or be represented as elector in o college that is entitled to one or more seats.In some of the German states that were known as "Land", the name of such estates assembly was Landtag, analogous to the "Reichstag" (imperial Diet, mainly comprising most princes of church and hereditary states plus the Imperial Cities). The precise composition obviously varied greatly, and could change over time, as the result of privileges granted or lost, entities split or merged, border changes etcetera.

Royal Prussia

Since 1466, "Prussian Landtag" were held in Royal Prussia. Prior to that, "Prussian Landtag"meetings were held in the Monastic state of the Teutonic Order. See also Prussian estates.

Ducal Prussia

Since 1525, "Prussian Landtag" were held in Ducal Prussia. See also Preußischer Landtag.

German Confederation

As Austria and Prussia escaped the French 'exporting the revolution', and Napoleon was happy to maintain satellite monarchies in most German territories under his control (members of the Confederation of the Rhine), the more democratic principles of the Enlightenment would have less effect in the German-speaking lands, or only much later.

1806 the German Confederation ("Deutscher Bund") was founded as successor of the Holy Roman Empire. § 13 of the "Bundesakte" (the constitution of the German Confederation) forced the German states to pass constitutions and implement parliaments called Landstände or Landtag.

The first constitution was passed in Nassau. Until 1841 (Luxembourg) all but 2 states got their constitution and parliaments.

German Empire

1871 the German Empire was founded. All 25 states of the German Empire and the "Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen" (since 1911) had Landtage as legislative authorities. The most important one was the "Prussian Landtag".

Weimar Republic

In the Weimar Republic 1918 till 1933 all German states had Landtage. In difference to the former Landstände and Landtage the Weimar Republik Landtage have been elected in free an equal elections.

1933 the Nazis abandoned the states and build a Unitary state. So the Landtage were closed too.

Finland

The parliament of Finland, which was created when the country was ceded from Sweden to Russia in 1809, was called "lantdag" (Swedish for Landtag) until 1919, when Finland adopted its first constitution as an independent country (independence was declared in 1917). Since then, the official term in Swedish is "riksdag", equivalent of the German Reichstag. The Finnish name is "eduskunta".

Modern legislatures

In the contemporary Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of Austria and the Italian Republic's province of Bolzano-Bozen (with a German-speaking majority), a Landtag is a unicameral legislature for a constitutive federal state (Bundesland). In the Principality of Liechtenstein, the Landtag is the sole national parliament, because Liechtenstein has no federal structure due to its size.

German Legislatures

In most of the German constitutive federal states (Bundesländer), the unicameral legislature is called "Landtag". In the city states the parliamentary city council serves the function of the state parliament within the federal system - in Bremen and Hamburg it's called the "Bürgerschaft" (short of "Stadtbürgerschaft", municipal assembly), and in Berlin it's called "Abgeordnetenhaus" (House of Representatives).

*Landtag of Baden-Württemberg
*Landtag of Bavaria (Until 1999, the large federal state of Bavaria was the only state with a bicameral legislature, with a lower house called the Landtag, and an upper house called the Senate)
*House of Representatives of Berlin (the new federal and old imperial capital's city-state)
*Landtag of Brandenburg
*Bürgerschaft of Bremen
*Bürgerschaft of Hamburg
*Landtag of Hesse
*Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
*Lower Saxon Landtag (Niedersächsischer Landtag)
*Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia
*Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate
*Landtag of Saarland
*Landtag of Saxony
*Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt
*Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein
*Landtag of Thuringia

The national bicameral Parliament comprises the directly elected Bundestag and Bundesrat which represents the constitutive states but which has limited competence.

Austrian Legislatures

*Landtag of Burgenland (Transleithanian, never a separate Crown land)
*Landtag of Carinthia
*Landtag of Lower Austria
*Landtag of Upper Austria
*Landtag of Salzburg
*Landtag of Styria (Steiermark)
*Landtag of Tyrol
*Landtag of Vorarlberg
*Gemeinderat of Vienna (statehood granted late; not unlike Berlin, it is identical to its municipal 'Gemeinderat', as the federal capital is a city-state: state and municipality at the same time)

In seven cases the modern Landtage are the democratic successors of the Landtage of the corresponding imperial Kronlands. Exceptions are the city of Vienna (which belonged to the Lower Austria Kronland) and Burgenland (which belonged to the kingdom of Hungary, in personal union).

Austria's national bicameral parliament, the Bundesversammlung (Federal Assembly), consists of a directly elected Nationalrat (National Council) and a Bundesrat (Federal Council).

Italy

In Italy's predominantly German-speaking province of Bolzano-Bozen the provincial council is called Landtag in German.

Liechtenstein

In the Sovereign principality of Liechtenstein the national parliament is called the Landtag of Liechtenstein.

ources and references

* [http://www.donaumonarchie.com/ Donaumonarchie] de icon

ee also

*The States
*Diet (assembly)