Hirakud Dam

Hirakud Dam is built across the Mahanadi River, about 15 km from Sambalpur in the state of Orissa in India. Built in 1956, the dam is the world's largest earthen dam. [cite web
author=
year=
url=http://www.questia.com/library/encyclopedia/mahanadi.jsp
title=Mahanadi
publisher=The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright© 2004
accessdate=2008-02-05] Behind the dam extends a lake, 55 km long. Hirakud Dam is one of the longest dams in the world, about 16 mi (26 km) in length. It was the first major multipurpose river valley project started after India's independence.

Construction history

After the devastating floods of 1937, Sir M. Visveswararya proposed a detailed investigation for storage reservoirs in the Mahanadi basin to tackle the problem of floods in the Mahanadi delta. In 1945, under the chairmanship of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, the then Member of Labour, it was decided to investigate the potential benefits of controlling the Mahanadi for multi-purpose use. The Central Waterways, Irrigation and Navigation Commission took up the work.

On 15 March 1946, Sir Howthrone Lewis, then the Governor of Orissa, laid the foundation stone of the Hirakud Dam. A project report was submitted to the government in June 1947. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru laid the first batch of concrete on 12 April 1948. The dam was completed in 1953 and was formally inaugurated by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on 13 January 1957. The total cost of the project was Rs. 100.02 crores (in 1957). Power generation along with agricultural irrigation started in 1956, achieving full potential in 1966.

Details

Total length of Dam :15,748 Feet or 4800 Meter

Concrete Dam :3,937 Feet or 1200 Meter

Earth Dam :11,811 Feet or 3600 Meter

Left Dyke :32,274 Feet or 9837 Meter

Right Dyke :35,299 Feet or 10759 Meter

Maximumm Height of Massonary Dam :200 Feet or 61 Meter

Maximum Height of Earth Dam :195 Feet or 59.5 Meter

Sluice Gates Total :64 Nos.

Sluice Gates (Left) :40 Nos.

Sluice Gates (Right) :24 Nos.

Crest Gates :34 Nos.

Crest Gates (Left) :21 Nos.

Crest Gates (Right) :13 Nos.

Crest Gate Size :15.54 Meter * 16.1 Meter

Top Dam Level :RL 195.680 Meter (RL 642Feet)

Full Reservoir Level :Rl 192.024 Meter (RL 630 Feet)

Dead Storage Level :Rl 179.830 Meter (Rl 590 Feet)

Seal of Sluice Gate :510 Feet RL

Gross Storage :5.83 Million Acre Feet

Live Storage :4.36 Million Acre Feet

Catchment Area : 83,400 Sq Kilometer

Total Power Capacity :275.5 Mw

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tructure

The Hirakud Dam is a composite structure of earth, concrete and masonry. Ten km north of Sambalpur, it is the longest major earthen dam in the world, measuring 24km including dykes, and stands across the river Mahanadi. The main dam has an overall length of 4.8 km spanning between two hills; the Lamdungri on the left and the Chandili Dunguri on the right. The dam is flanked by 21 km earthen dykes on both the left and right sides, closing the low saddles beyond the adjoining hills. The dam and dykes together measure 25.8 km. It also forms the biggest artificial lake in Asia, with a reservoir holding 743 km² at full capacity, with a shoreline of over 640 km..

Purpose and Benefits

In the upper drainage basin of the Mahanadi River, centered on the Chattisgarh Plain, periodic droughts contrast with the situation in the lower delta region where floods may damage crops. The dam was constructed to help alleviate these problems by creating a reservoir and controlling river flow through the drainage system. [cite web|url=http://www.indianchild.com/rivers_in_india.htm|title=Rivers in India|publisher=|accessdate=2006-09-22 ] The dam regulates the flow of the Mahanadi River and produces hydroelectricity through several hydroelectric plants. [cite web|url=http://orissagov.nic.in/cmccuttack/mahanadi%20river.htm|title=Mahanadi River|publisher=|accessdate=2006-09-22 ]

The dam helps control floods in the Mahanadi delta and irrigates 7,500,000 hectares of land. Hydroelectricity is also generated. The Hirakud Dam regulates 83,400 km² (32,200 mi²) of Mahanadi's drainage. The reservoir has a storage capacity of 5.818 km³ with gross of 8.136 km³. [ [http://sambalpur.nic.in/hirakud%20dam.htm Hirakud Dam] ]

It drains an area of 133,090 km², more than twice the area of Sri Lanka. The amount of earth, concrete and masonry materials used to build the dam is sufficient to make a road 8 metres wide and pave it from Kanyakumari to Kashmir and from Amritsar to Dibrugarh in Assam. With successful irrigation provided by the dam, Sambalpur is called the rice bowl of Orissa. Here photography is strictly prohibited.

The project provides 1,556 km² of kharif and 1,084 km² of rabi irrigation in industries of Sambalpur, Bargarh, Bolangir, and Subarnpur. The water released by the power plant irrigates another 4360 km² of CCA in Mahanadi delta. The dam can generate up to 307.5 MW of electrical power through its two power plants at Burla, on the dam's right bank and Chiplima, 22 km downstream from the dam. In addition, the project provides flood protection to 9500 km² of delta area in district of Cuttack and Puri. Source: Dilip Kumar Padhi VU2DPI

Chiplima has gained prominence as the second hydroelectric project of the Hirakud Dam. A natural fall of 80 to 120 feet (25 to 40 m) in the river Mahanadi is used to generate electricity. The place is mostly inhabited by fisherman, whose deity Ghantlei is very popular in the neighbouring area. The State Livestock Breeding Farm and Agricultural Farm are located here.

People affected from the Dam Construction

Main Purpose of Hirakud dam was to check the massive flood that was effecting a large part of coastal Orissa.But construction of the dam greatly affected the native of western part of orissa.Nearly 1.5 lakh people got affected by the Hirakud project.Nearly 22,000 family were displaced under the Hirakud dam project, but are yet to be rehabilitated and receive their due compensation by the Orissa government.In the original estimate, an amount of Rs 12 crores was provided for payment of compensation to the affected people. After revision, the amount was reduced to Rs 9.5 crores and the total compensation paid to the people was, in reality, only Rs 3.32 crores. A large number of families were evacuated from their hearth and homes without compensation from 1956 onwards. [ [http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=136009 Hirakud dam: Displaced families seek rehabilitation ] ]

Cattle Island

Cattle Island exists in one of the extreme points of Hirakud Reservoir, a natural wonder. It is near Kumarbandh village of Belpahar-Banharpali range which is about 90 km from Sambalpur. By motor launch from Hirakud Dam, it is closer by 10 km via the river. The island is nothing but a submerged hill, and prior to Hirakud Dam construction, it was a developed village. Only cattle inhabit the island. During the resettlement period, villagers left some of their cows and bulls behind; when the dam construction was over, the cattle settled on the hilltop. With the passage of time, the nearby area filled up with the reservoir water, turning the hilltop into an island. Being away from mankind, the cattle are now wild, very swift and not easily caught. Living on a hilltop with dense forest, they are larger than tame cattle. Almost all are white in colour. Nearby residents attempt to hunt these animals from time to time, but these hunts are rarely successful. Though descended from tame cattle, these animals provide a contrasting picture of this breed of animal returning to life in the wild.

References

External links

* [http://www.ohpcltd.com/hirakud/index.htm Welcome To Hirakud Power Station ]
* [http://wrmin.nic.in/projects/hirakud.htm Hirakud Dam Photo]