Wilhering Abbey

Wilhering Abbey church

Wilhering Abbey (Stift Wilhering) is a Cistercian monastery in Wilhering in Upper Austria, about 8 km from Linz. The buildings, re-constructed in the 18th century, are known for their spectacular Rococo decoration.

History

The monastery was founded by Ulrich and Kolo of Wilhering, who gave the family's old castle for the purpose, in accordance with the wish of their deceased father, after the family had moved to their new castle at Waxenberg. It was settled initially by Augustinian Canons, but in the first years the new foundation was beset with problems, and on 30 September 1146 Ulrich replaced the canons with Cistercian monks from Rein Abbey in Styria^[1]. However, after less than forty years only two monks remained^[2]. At this point, Heinrich, the fourth abbot, transferred the abbey to Burkhard, abbot of Ebrach Abbey, the mother house of Rein, in 1185, and the monastery was re-settled by monks from Ebrach, after which the community was established for the future on a secure footing.

Wilhering itself later founded Hohenfurth Abbey, today known as Vyšší Brod Abbey, in the Czech Republic (1258), Engelszell Abbey in Upper Austria (1295) and Säusenstein Abbey in Lower Austria (1334). In 1928 the monastery founded a daughter house at Apolo in Bolivia as part of a mission drive.

The abbey almost came to end during the Reformation, when the then abbot, Erasmus Mayer, absconded with its funds to Nuremberg, where he married, and by 1585 there were no monks left at all. The abbey was only saved by the efforts of Abbot Alexander a Lacu, installed by the Emperor in the Counter-Reformation.

The abbey buildings were almost entirely destroyed by fire on 6 March 1733^[3]. Of the previous buildings, only a Romanesque doorway, parts of the Gothic cloister and two tombs remained. Abbot Johann Baptist Hinterhölzl (1734-1750) made emergency repairs to the church using the remnants of the walls, but the church was later completely rebuilt in the Rococo style by Johann Haslinger of Linz, who may have been working to designs by Martino Altomonte, designer of the high altar. The ceiling and altar paintings are by Martino Altomonte and his son Bartolomeo, while the richly coloured stucco work is by Johann Michael Feichtmayr and Johann Georg Ueblherr. The result is now one of the most significant Rococo buildings in the German-speaking world.

In 1940, Wilhering Abbey was expropriated by the Nazis, and the monks were expelled: some were arrested and sent to concentration camps, while others were forced into military service. The then abbot, Dr. Bernhard Burgstaller, was imprisoned and died of starvation in 1941. The buildings were used at first to accommodate the seminary from Linz, and then from 1944 for displaced Germans from Bessarabia and as a military hospital. In 1945 American troops took over the premises. The monks returned in the same year to resume monastic life and to reopen the school. As of 2007, the monastic community numbered 28.

At present the abbey's business enterprises (mainly forestry, farming and greenhouses) provide a sound economic basis for the monastery^[4]. Kürnberg Forest (Kürnberger Wald), owned by the abbey and situated between Wilhering and Linz, forms a green belt that is highly beneficial to the people of the region.

School

Under Abbot Theobald Grasböck the abbey secondary school (Gymnasium) was founded with facilities for boarding in 1895. At first it consisted only of a private lower school. In the school year 1903/04 the school was granted permission to accept state pupils. From the school year 1917/18 upper forms were added, and the first Matura examinations were held in 1922. In 1938 the school and the boarding-house were suspended by the National Socialist régime. After the war the school was immediately re-established, and re-opened in the autumn of 1945. In 1956 a new boarding-house wing was constructed. The school buildings were entirely re-developed in 1963. Girls have been admitted since 1980/81. The facilities for boarding were discontinued at the end of the academic year in 1990. Presently the school offers general education to approximately 450 boys and girls.

Buildings

Gothic cloisters

The monastic buildings of the Cistercians were to be constructed, as closely as was possible, in the likeness of the mother house at Cîteaux. The entire monastery premises had to be surrounded by a wall. The main axis of the church had to be on an east-west line. The cloister, the "heart of the monastery", was to adjoin the southern front of the church^[5]. The chapter house and the common room had to be placed in the east section of the cloister. Upstairs in the eastern range was the monks’ dormitory, connected by stairs with the church and the cloister. In the southern section of the cloister lay the monks’ refectory, and in front of it, projecting into the cloister, a pavilion with a washing-fountain, called the "fountain-chapel". The lay-brothers’ refectory and dormitory were placed in the western range of the cloister, and the kitchen in the south-western corner. The section of the cloister next to the church was used as a lecture-hall and had to be furnished with a pulpit. This ground plan was also retained in the Baroque layout of Wilhering Abbey. The prestigious buildings, however, which had been planned to surround the outer court of the abbey, were meant as extensions.

Romanesque portal from the old abbey church

Nothing remains of the original castle of Wilhering nor of any buildings erected by the monks of Rein. The monks of Ebrach, however, started the construction of a church in 1195 in the Romanesque style, repeatedy rebuilt in the following centuries; of this, there now remain only the portal and the two Gothic Schaunberg family tombs located on either side of the entrance by the western wall of the abbey church.

Originally, access to the church was forbidden to the public, in keeping with the wish of the Cistercians for seclusion. However, for the use of their tenantry they erected a special church, the so-called "people’s church", known from an old engraving in the cloister, which also shows the guesthouse by the road, the fish-pond, the gate-house with the monastery wall and the garden with the mill. Today the fish-pond, the guesthouse and parts of the gate-house still remain. The guesthouse is considered one of the oldest parts of the monastery buildings. It was the abbey inn until 1970, and now houses a museum of modern art exhibiting works of the painter Fritz Fröhlich. Along with the former wine-cellars and the brewery, which ceased operation around 1930, it is now separated from the main building complex by a road.

The present abbey buildings comprise (a) the medieval nucleus (the church, the cloister and the quadrangular buildings of the convent), (b) the extensions from the Baroque period (the abbatial suite, the domed wing, the stables, barns and farm buildings) and (c) the new buildings of the school erected after World War II. To the west lies the abbey park, open to the public, with its stock of exotic trees and the Baroque pavilion. Further on are the greenhouses of the horticultural nursery which also belongs to the abbey.

The prominent attraction of the abbey’s outer court is the west façade with the tower and, to the right, the abbatial suite. The tower was erected between 1735 and 1740 and consists of three storeys, which, due to their upward tapering, resemble an extended telescope. It is adorned with rich figural decorations. The plain round-arched Romanesque portal of the former 12th century church was integrated into the present Rococo church.

Church

Abbey church interior

According to the German art historian Cornelius Gurlitt, "the abbey church of Wilhering is the most brilliant achievement of the Rococo style in the German-speaking world."^[6] It gives the impression that more decoration, colour, sculptures, paintings and stuccowork could not be found in a single place. The Baroque dream that heavenly light-heartedness and timeless happiness can be brought down to earth, a dream which in the Rococo period reached its nearly unrestrained climax, has come true at Wilhering. Moreover, all the individual elements are in harmony and seem to be connected in some way: the altars, the pulpit, the two organs, the choir stalls, the putti and the frescoes with numerous saints, with clouds and blue sky. These artists had a uniform feeling for style and taste.

The ground-plan of the present church is the same as that of the old church from before 1733. Johann Haslinger, a little known master mason from Linz, was entrusted with the building supervision by Abbot Hinterhölzl. This abbot engaged various freelance artists to carry out the programme for the decoration, which is recorded in a banderol in the ceiling fresco of the chancel: "Assumpta est Maria in caelum, gaudent angeli"^[7].

The well-known Baroque painter Martino Altomonte, who was over eighty during this commission, created the altar-pieces within six years. According to a Cistercian custom, the high altar-piece is dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin Mary. The two anterior altar-pieces, placed nearest to the high altar, refer to Mary’s work in the Benedictine (left) and Cistercian (right) Orders. The pictures on the two middle altars show the death of Saint Joseph (left) and the guardian angel (right). Both altar-pieces at the back are dedicated to the Fourteen Holy Helpers (die Vierzehn Nothelfer): the holy virgins to the left and the intercessors for agriculture to the right. The paintings represent Late Baroque Italian Classicism.

The fresco painter was Martino Altomonte’s son, Bartolomeo. Although he was a lesser artist, he directed the greatest attention to frescoing the ceilings. In a way it was Bartolomeo’s endeavour to create a perfect heavenly illusion, the desire to create a "new Heaven", according to Saint John’s vision in the Book of Revelation. According to the abbot’s wish, the frescoes had to be similar to those of the abbey at Spital am Pyhrn, showing Mary ascending to the glory of Heaven. The angels, the whole world and the saints of Heaven were to take part in Our Lady’s triumph, assumption and coronation. Bartolomeo Altomonte succeeded in painting a fresco of more than 450 m2 (approximately 540 square yards). This extensive ceiling fresco is characteristic of the specific atmosphere in the church. The painting mainly shows saints related to the Cistercian Order, who are arranged in groups. The transition from fresco to plastic decoration is fluid. The richly gilded frames of stucco take up the liveliness of the picture and pass it on to the periphery of the vault. The transept shows frescoes praising the Virgin Mary in an allegorical manner. The idea is that grace will be heaped upon those who venerate Mary, and that all continents are united with her by the virtues of faith, hope and charity.

The fresco in the flat cupola of the crossing is a combined work by the Italian painter of architectural perspective, Messenta, and Altomonte. The picture is an allegory of Mary’s triumph over sin and the sinner’s due punishment, symbolized by mankind chained to the globe. The frescoes in the presbytery and below the organ-loft show angels playing musical instruments in honour of the Queen of Heaven. The fresco in the Grundemann Chapel is complementary to the altar-piece of the chapel, whose subject is the wiping out of the original sin by Christ’s redeeming blood. In the centre of the fresco there is the Christ Child being offered the instruments of Christ's Passion.

One of the Schaunberg tombs

The Austrian stuccoer Franz Josef Holzinger of Sankt Florian was commissioned to do the stucco work (1739-1741). However, he was forced to interrupt his work by the War of the Austrian Succession, and his commission was later discontinued, as his stuccoing was unsatisfactory. The work was continued by the Augsburg-born master stuccoers, Johann Michael Feichtmayr and Johann Georg Ueblherr, two members of the Wessobrunn School. They applied the then highly admired and fashionable rocaille cartouche ornamentation, redecorated Holzinger’s stuccoing with great skill, created the lively curved retables surrounding the large altar-pieces, and fashioned the pulpit as well as the casing of the choir organ. They also furnished the continuous main cornice with red stuccoed marble and all the pilasters with the same material in an elegant grey. Moreover, Ueblherr himself created the sixteen life-sized statues of saints for the altars, the figures of the Holy Trinity above the high altar, the statue of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, the most famous abbot of the Cistercians, for the sounding-board of the pulpit and the royal harpist David above the choir organ. It was also Feichtmayr and Ueblherr who placed the numerous glazed stucco putti and angels’ heads throughout the church.

They sent for the gilder Johann Georg Frueholz of Munich, who was known to them, to provide the final gloss to the interior of the church by gilding it abundantly. In the meantime two lay-brothers of Wilhering, Eugen Dymge and Johann Baptist Zell, carved the choir-stalls and the pews.

The choir organ, a counterpart of the pulpit, was made in 1746 by Nikolaus Rumel the elder. The famous Austrian composer Anton Bruckner counted it among his favourites. The main organ, with its Baroque casing, is the decorative highlight at the back of the church. It was made in 1883 by Leopold Breinbauer and now has thirty-eight stops.

The essential work of decorating and furnishing was completed in 1748. At that time the monastery’s debts amounted to 122,000 Austrian Florins, a sum equivalent to the value of 10,000 cows.

The mystery of this abundantly and solemnly decorated space lies in the interplay of many single decorative elements. The beauty displayed here is likely to disclose itself best to those who do not analyse the details, but appreciate the whole interior in its entirety.

The latest overall restoration of the church took place between 1971 and 1977 under the artistic direction of Prof. Fritz Fröhlich.

List of abbots

1. Gebhard I (1146 – 1155)
2. Gebhard II (1155 – 1180)
3. Otto I (1180 – 1181)
4. Heinrich I (1181 – 1185)
5. Heinrich II (1185 – 1186)
6. Hiltger (1186 – 1193)
7. Otto II von Niest (1193 – 1201)
8. Gottschalk (1201 – 1208)
9. Eberhard (1208 – 1215)
10. Konrad I (1215 – 1234)
11. Theodorich (1234 – 1241)
12. Konrad II (1241 – 1243)
13. Heinrich III (1243 – 1246)
14. Ernest (1246 – 1270)
15. Ortolf (1270 – 1273)
16. Pitrof (1273 – 1276)
17. Hugo (1276 – 1280)
18. Wolfram (1281 – 1288)
19. Konrad III (1288 - 1308)
20. Ulrich I (1308 – 1309)
21. Otto III (1309)
22. Wisento (1309 – 1313)
23. Stephan I (1313 – 1316)
24. Heinrich IV Praendl (1316 – 1331)
25. Konrad IV (1331 – 1333)
26. Hermann (1333 – 1350)
27. Bernhard I Hirnbrech (1350 – 1359)
28. Simon (1359 – 1360)
29. Walther (Balthasar) (1360 – 1366)
30. Andreas (1366 – 1369)
31. Johann I (1370 – 1381)
32. Peter I (1381 – 1385)
33. Jakob I (1385 – 1421)
34. Stephan II (1421 – 1432)
35. Ulrich II (1432 – 1451)
36. Georg I (1451 – 1452)
37. Ulrich III (1452 – 1460)
38. Wilhelm (1460 – 1466)
39. Conrad V Panstorfer (1467 – 1470)
40. Urban (1470 – 1480)
41. Thomas Dienstl (1480 – 1507)
42. Caspar I (1507 – 1518)
43. Leonhard Rosenberger (1518 – 1534)
44. Peter II Rinkhammer (1534 – 1543)
45. Erasmus Mayer (1543 – 1544)
46. Martin Gottfried (1545 – 1560)
47. Matthaeus Schweitzer (1568 – 1574)
48. Johann II Hammerschmied (1574 - 1583)
49. Jakob II Gistl (1584 – 1587)
50. Alexander a Lacu (1587 – 1600)
51. Johann Schiller (1603 – 1611)
52. Anton Wolfradt (1612 – 1613)
53. Georg II Grill (1614 – 1638)
54. Capar II Orlacher (1638 – 1669)
55. Malachias Braunmüller (1670 – 1680)
56. Bernhard II Weidner (1681 – 1709)
57. Hilarius Sigmund (1709 – 1730)
58. Bonus Pemerl (1730 – 1734)
59. Johann IV Baptist Hinterhölzl (1734 – 1750)
60. Raimund Schedelberger (1750 – 1753)
61. Alan Aichinger (1753 – 1780)
62. Johann V Baptist Hinterhölzl (1781 – 1801)
63. Bruno Detterle (1801 – 1832)
64. Johann VI Baptist Schober (1832 – 1850)
65. Alois Dorfer (1851 – 1892)
66. Theobald Grasböck (1892 – 1915)
67. Gabriel Fazeny (1915 – 1938)
68. Bernhard Burgstaller (1938 – 1941)
69. Balduin Wiesmayer (1941 – 1948)
70. Wilhelm Ratzenböck (1948 – 1965)
71. Gabriel Weinberger (1965 – 1977)
72. Dominik Nimmervoll (1977 – 1991)
73. Gottfried Hemmelmayr (from 1991)

Notes

1. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: "Cistercian Abbey of Wilhering"
2. ^ the decline was probably mostly caused by the harsh conditions of the site, but possibly also by the transfer of the patronage from the founders' family to the Schaunberg family
3. ^ the monastery was deliberately set on fire by a twelve-year-old girl egged on by an idle farmhand ("Zisterzienserstift Wilhering", p. 27)
4. ^ In former times the site on the Danube furnished the abbey with additional revenues from fishing and ferry rights
5. ^ unless, as with some sites, the geographical features were such that it had instead to adjoin the north front
6. ^ Cornelius Gurlitt, 1886-89: Geschichte des Barockstils, des Rokoko und des Klassizismus, Stuttgart (3 vols); cited in Guby (1920), p.14; translated
7. ^ Latin; in English, "Mary is taken up to Heaven, the angels shout for joy"

Sources

• Guby, Rudolf, 1920: Das Zisterzienserstift Wilhering in Oberösterreich. Österreichische Kunstführer, vol. 4. Vienna
• Lekai, Louis J., 1977: The Cistercians, Ideals and Reality. The Kent University Press: Dallas
• Reisinger, Amadeus, 1939: Stift Wilhering/Donau. Munich
• Zisterzienserstift Wilhering (ed.), 1983: Wilhering, Stift und Kirche. Wilhering

External links

• Wilhering Abbey website (German)
• Stiftsgymnasium Wilhering website (German)
• Catholic Encyclopedia: "Cistercian Abbey of Wilhering"

Coordinates: 48°19′26″N 14°11′25″E / 48.32389°N 14.19028°E / 48.32389; 14.19028