António Nobre

António Pereira Nobre (Porto August 16 1867 - March 18 1900) was a Portuguese poet. He died of tuberculosis in Foz do Douro, Porto, in 1900, after trying to recover in a number of places. His masterpiece Só (Paris, 1892), was the only book he published.

Life

Northern Portugal

Nobre was a member of a wealthy family. He was born in Porto, and spent his childhood in Trás-os-Montes and in Póvoa de Varzim.

Coimbra

He studied law unsuccessfully at the University of Coimbra from 1888 to 1890 when he dropped out. As a student in Coimbra, and according to his own words, he only felt at ease in his "tower" (referring to the "Torre de Anto" - Anto Tower, in upper Coimbra, where he lived) during the "sinister period" he spent studying law at the University of Coimbra. An unknown fiancée, more fictitious than concrete; a friend - Alberto de Oliveira, and a brief intervention in the literary life, through some magazines, did not conciliate him with the academic city of Coimbra where this predestined poet flunked twice.

Paris

He went to Paris where he took a degree in political science at the École Libre des Sciences Politiques. There he contacted with the French coeval poetry - he meet Paul Verlaine and Jean Moréas, among others. He also meet the famous Portuguese writer Eça de Queiroz in Paris, who was a Portuguese diplomat in the city. It was from 1890 to 1895, that Nobre studied political science in Paris, where he was influenced by the French Symbolist poets, and was there that he wrote the greater part of the only book he published.

The Paris exile, sad by his own words ("poor Lusitanian, the wretched", lost in the crowd that does not know him), was not a time for happiness. The aristocratic shutting up caused nausea or indifference. Frustrated and always marginal experiences made him bitter. He was far from the sweat and from all sorts of fraternity, from desire and hate, and from the wailing of the breed, a childlike, lost, instinctive and princely life, a souvenir of the sweet old landscape that memory seems to encourage. In his tender but never rhetorical mourning Nobre manifests himself and mourns over himself as a doomed poet, with a hard soul and a maiden's heart, which carried the sponge of gall in former processions.

tyle, work and last days

His verse marked a departure from objective realism and social commitment to subjective lyricism and an aesthetic point of view. The lack of means aggravated by his father's death, made him morbidly reject the present and the future, following a pessimistic romantic attitude that led him to denounce his tedium. However excessive, this is a controlled attitude, due to a clear aesthetic mind and a real sense of ridicule. He learned the colloquial tone from Almeida Garrett and Júlio Dinis, and also from Jules Laforgue, but he exceeded them all in the peculiar compromise between irony and a refined puerility, a fountain of happiness because it represents a return to his happiest of times - a kingdom of his own from where he resuscitates characters and enchanted places, manipulating, as a virtuoso of nostalgia, the picturesque of popular festivals and of fishermen, the simple magic of toponyms and the language of the people.

In his prescience of pain, in his spiritual anticipation of disease and of agony, in his taste for sadness, in his unmeasured pride of isolation, António (from Torre de Anto, at the centre of old Coimbra where the poet lived an enchanted life, everywhere writing his mythical and literary name: Anto) keeps an artist’s composure, always expressing the cult of the aesthetic life and of the elegant personality. In his courtship of death (to whose imminent threat he would later answer with dignity), he takes his spiritual dandyism to extremes, like in the “Balada do Caixão.” His poetry translates the lack of a total maturation, an adolescent “angelism” present in fabulous confirmations: he is “the moon”, “the saint”, “the snake”, “the sorcerer”, “the afflicted”, “the inspired”, “the unprecedented”, “the medium”, “the bizarre”, “the fool”, “the nauseated”, “the tortured”, “D. Enguiço”, “a supernatural poet.”

Narcissus in permanent soliloquy, whether he writes verses of nostalgia to Manuel or speaks to his own pipe - António Nobre (A. N.) makes poetry out of the real, he covers what is prosaic with a soft mantle of legend (“My neighbour is a carpenter/he is a second-hand trader of Mrs. Death”) and creates, with a rare balance between intuition and critique, his familiar “fantastic” (“When the Moon, a beautiful milkmaid/goes deliver milk at the houses of Infinity”). His catholic imaginary world is the same as in a fairy tale, a crib of simple words but with an imaginative audacity in the scheming of those words that separate him from the consecrated lyrical language. His power of “invention” comes forth in the inspired, yet conscious, use of the verbal material (“Moons of Summer! Black moons of velvet!” or “The Abbey of my past”). Between the Garrettian and the symbolic aesthetic, the most personal and revealing feature of his vocabulary is naturally - even for his longing for the childhood aesthetical retrieval -, the diminutive. A man of sensibility rather than of reflection, he took from the French symbolism, whose mystery and deep sense he could never penetrate, the repelling of oratory and of formal procedures - the original imagery (“Trás-os-Montes of water”, “slaughter house of the planets”), the cult of synaesthesia, the rhythmic freedom, the musical research. A. N. had a very thick ear. All his poetry is rigorously written to be heard, full of parallelisms, of melodic repetitions, of onomatopoeias, extremely malleable. Its syllabic division depends on the rhythm that obeys to feeling. However, the images or the words of his sentences rarely have the precious touch of the symbolic jewellery. Evidently, in “Poentes de França”, the planets come drink in silver chalices in the “tavern of sunset”; however, his transfiguration of reality almost always obeys not to a purpose of sumptuous embellishment, like in Eugénio de Castro, but to an essentially affectionate eager desire of an intimism of things (“the skinny and hunchbacked poplars”, etc).

António Nobre died of tuberculosis in Foz do Douro, Porto, in 18th March 1900, after trying to recover in Switzerland, Madeira and New York.

Other than Só (Paris, 1892) two other posthumous works were published: Despedidas (1st edition, 1902), with a fragment from O Desejado, and Primeiros Versos (1st edition, 1921). António Nobre's correspondence is reunited in several volumes: Cartas Inéditas a A.N., with an introduction and notes by A. Casais Monteiro, Cartas e Bilhetes-Postais a Justino de Montalvão with a foreword and notes by Alberto de Serpa, Porto, 1956; Correspondência, with an introduction and notes by Guilherme de Castilho, Lisbon, 1967 (a compilation of 244 letters, 56 of which unpublished).

References

*--------, "Memória de António Nobre", in "Colóquio - Letras", nº 127/128, Lisboa, 1993;
*Buescu, Helena Carvalhão, "«Motivos do sujeito frágil na lírica portuguesa (entre Simbolismo e Modernismo)»", "«Metrópolis, ou uma visita ao Sr. Scrooge (a poesia de António Nobre)»" e "«Diferença do campo, diferença da cidade: Cesário Verde e António Nobre»" in "Chiaroscuro - Modernidade e literatura", Campo das Letras, Porto, 2001;
*Castilho, Guilherme de, "Vida e obra de António Nobre", 3ª ed. revista e ampliada, Bertrand, Lisboa, 1980;
*Cintra, Luís Filipe Lindley, "O ritmo na poesia de António Nobre" (edição e prefácio de Paula Morão), Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda, Lisboa, 2002;
*Cláudio, Mário, "António Nobre – 1867-1900 – Fotobiografia", Publicações Dom Quixote, Lisboa, 2001;
*Cláudio, Mário, "Páginas nobrianas", Edições Caixotim, Porto, 2004;
*Morão, Paula, "O Só de António Nobre – Uma leitura do nome", Caminho, Lisboa, 1991;
*Morão, Paula, "«António Nobre»", in "Dicionário de Literatura Portuguesa" (organização e direcção de A. M. Machado), Presença, Lisboa, 1996;
*Morão, Paula, "«António Nobre»", in "Dicionário do Romantismo Literário Português" (coordenação de Helena Carvalhão Buescu), Caminho, Lisboa, 1997;
*Morão, Paula (organização), "António Nobre em contexto", Actas do Colóquio realizado a 13 e 14 de Dezembro de 2000, Biblioteca Nacional e Departamento de Literaturas Românicas da Faculdade de Letras de Lisboa, Colibri, Lisboa, 2001;
*Morão, Paula, "Retratos com sombra – António Nobre e os seus contemporâneos", Edições Caixotim, Porto, 2004;
*Pereira, José Carlos Seabra, "«António Nobre e o mito lusitanista»", in "História crítica da Literatura Portuguesa" (volume VII - Do Fim-de-Século ao Modernismo), Verbo, Lisboa 1995;
*Pereira, José Carlos Seabra, "«Nobre (António Pereira)»", in "Biblos – Enciclopédia Verbo das Literaturas de Língua Portuguesa", volume 3, Verbo, Lisboa, 1999;
*Pereira, José Carlos Seabra, "António Nobre – Projecto e destino", Edições Caixotim, Porto 2000;
*Pereira, José Carlos Seabra, "O essencial sobre António Nobre", Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda, Lisboa, 2001.