John Ellerman

Sir John Reeves Ellerman, 1st Baronet, CH (1862–1933) was an English shipowner and investor. He was one of the most successful entrepreneurs in British history, and the only Briton of his generation who rivalled in wealth the leading plutocrats of America's gilded age. At his death his estate was assessed for probate at almost three times the previous British probate record, yet he is now largely forgotten; a reflection in part of the obscurity he cultivated in his lifetime.

Early life

Ellerman was born in Kingston upon Hull, the only son of a Lutheran ship broker and corn merchant who has emigrated to England from Hamburg, Germany in 1850, and an English mother. His father died when he was nine, leaving an estate of £600. [Rubinstein, W.D. "Men of Property" (2006), page 61. ISBN 1-904863-12-4] Ellerman spent part of his childhood in France and briefly attended King Edward VI School in Birmingham. Ellerman didn't get on with his mother and lived independently from the age of fourteen, when he was articled to a Birmingham chartered accountant. After passing his articles he moved to London, where he turned down a partnership in one of the leading firms of the day to found his own practice, J. Ellerman & Co, in the City of London in 1886. He was one of the first important British businessmen with a professional qualification in accountancy.

From 1890 Ellerman began to create major business groups by buying up established businesses, typically ones which had a good product but were in managerial decline after the death of the founder. Most of these businesses flourished under his management. He raised funds from other investors where necessary, but held large stakes personally. The first of these groups was the Brewery and Commercial Investment Trust which appreciated by 1,300% in nine years.

hipping

In 1892 Ellerman made his first move into shipping by leading a consortium which purchased the Leyland Line from the late Frederick Richards Leyland, one of the largest shipowners in Britain. In 1901 Ellerman sold this business to J.P. Morgan for £1.2 million, who immediately folded it into the International Mercantile Marine Co.. Ellerman, however, immediately began to buy other shipping lines, and in 1902 he combined his interests into Ellerman Lines. He continued to expand the business, making inroads into the South African, Atlantic and Indian routes while buying rival lines on a regular basis. In 1916 he paid £4.1 million for Thomas Wilson Sons & Co. of Hull, which had once been the largest privately owned shipping line in the world.

By 1917 Ellerman owned 1.5 million tons of shipping, equivalent to the entire French merchant navy. There is no obvious secret to success in shipping; there were other talented men in the shipping business, but Ellerman far surpassed them. He wasn't an innovator, but assets flourished under his management and he made many good decisions and exceptionally few bad ones.

Other business interests

At the same time Ellerman expanded his brewing interests and by 1918 he held shares in more than seventy breweries. In many cases he improved the financial performance of these businesses rapidly. From around 1904 he also invested in newspapers, owning stakes in the "Financial Times", the "Daily Mail", "The Times", the "Illustrated London News", "Tatler", "The Sphere" and other publications at various times. He sold most of his press interests in the 1920s.

Another field in which Ellerman was a major player was coal. In the 1920s he held shares in at least 22 collieries. After World War I he also became a major owner of property in London. Aristocrats such as the Duke of Bedford, Lord Howard de Walden and Earl Cadogan were increasingly selling off slices of the freehold West End estates which had been in their families for centuries and Ellerman was often the buyer.

Personal life

Ellerman had little interest in public recognition. He was made a baronet in 1905 in appreciation of his contribution to British shipping needs during the Boer War, but he could readily have obtained a higher honour if he had wanted one. His lifestyle was unostentatious. In 1916 he stated that he was worth £55 million (then US$275 million). This may well have been correct as he had no reputation for self aggrandizement. The following year a journalist estimated that his shipping interests alone were worth £35 million. At this time the Duke of Westminster was generally reckoned to be the second richest man in the United Kingdom with a fortune of around £14 million pounds. When Ellerman died in 1933 his estate was assessed for probate at £36.685 million. The previous record was £13.5 million left by Lord Iveagh of the Guinness Brewery in 1927. Ellerman had negotiated the Great Depression skillfully, but his wealth at death must have been well below its 1920s peak.

Ellerman lived a secretive life in Mayfair and Eastbourne. He never purchased a country estate and made no attempt to join high society or enter politics. One possible reason is that from the early 1890s he lived with a woman called Hannah Glover, and had a daughter by her in 1894, but did not marry her until 1908, the year before the birth of his only son, who was also called John Ellerman. [ [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=J3CDUQMV5MDCJQFIQMFCFGGAVCBQYIV0?xml=/news/2006/05/22/nrich22.xml&sSheet=/news/2006/05/22/ixuknews.html Was this the richest (and most secretive) British tycoon ever?] , "Daily Telegraph", 22 May 2006]

Ellerman was appointed Companion of Honour (CH) in the 1921 New Year Honours. [LondonGazette |issue=32178 |date=1 January 1921 |startpage=7|supp=yes ] He was buried at Putney Vale Cemetery.

Annie Winifred Ellerman

Ellerman's daughter Annie Winifred Glover, later Annie Winifred Ellerman, was a published writer under the penname Bryher. Her autobiography, "The Heart to Artemis" (1963), gives an account of her father.

ir John Ellerman, 2nd Baronet

Sir John Ellerman's son, Sir John Reeves Ellerman, 2nd Baronet, read for the bar at the Inner Temple before entering his father's shipping business. He inherited over £20 million after death duties at the age of twenty three. He oversaw Ellerman Lines for many years but was more interested in natural history. He was often said to be Britain's richest man, and he left £52 million, but after adjusting for inflation that was less than he had inherited, for his main interest was the study of rodents. He wrote "The Families and Genera of Living Rodents". He also undertook various philanthropies and helped Jewish refugees to escape Nazi Germany, earning the wrath of William Joyce ("Lord Haw-Haw") who attacked him by name in his propaganda broadcasts, incorrectly claiming that he was of Jewish descent. [ [http://time-proxy.yaga.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,799113,00.html] Archive of Time article from 1948]

Footnotes

References

*J. Taylor, "Ellermans: A Wealth of Shipping, (1976) ISBN 0-905064-02-X
*D. J. Jeremy, (editor), "Dictionary of Business Biography", (1984–6)
*Bryher, "The Heart to Artemis", (1963) ISBN 1-930464-08-8