J. H. C. Whitehead

Infobox_Scientist
name = J. H. C. Whitehead


image_width = 150px
caption = John Henry Constantine Whitehead
birth_date = birth date|1904|11|11|df=y
birth_place = Madras (Chennai), India
death_date = death date and age|1960|5|8|1904|11|11|df=y
death_place = Princeton, New Jersey
residence =
nationality =
field = Mathematics
work_institution = Oxford University
alma_mater = Oxford University
Princeton University
doctoral_advisor = Oswald Veblen
doctoral_students = Michael Barratt Ronald M. Brown Wilfred H. Cockroft Victor K. A. M. Gugenheim Graham Higman Peter Hilton Ioan James Brian Steer
known_for =CW complex Simple homotopy Whitehead group Whitehead manifold Whitehead product
prizes =
religion =
footnotes =

John Henry Constantine Whitehead (11 November 1904–8 May 1960), known as Henry, was a British mathematician and was one of the founders of homotopy theory. He was born in Chennai (then known as Madras), in India, and died in Princeton, New Jersey, in 1960.

Life

J. H. C. (Henry) Whitehead was the son of the Right Rev. Henry Whitehead, Bishop of Madras and brother of A. N. Whitehead, and of Isobel Duncan, who had herself studied mathematics at Oxford. He was brought up in Oxford, went to Eton and read mathematics at Balliol College, Oxford. After a year working as a stockbroker, he started a Ph.D. in 1929 at Princeton University. His thesis, titled "The representation of projective spaces", was written under the direction of Oswald Veblen in 1930. While in Princeton, he also worked with Solomon Lefschetz.

He became a fellow of Balliol in 1933. In 1934 he married the concert pianist Barbara Smyth, great-great-granddaughter of Elizabeth Fry and a cousin of Peter Pears; they had two sons. During the Second World War he worked on operations research for submarine warfare. Later, he joined the codebreakers at Bletchley Park, and by 1945 was one of some fifteen mathematicians working in the "Newmanry", a section headed by Max Newman and responsible for breaking a German teleprinter cipher using machine methods.Paul Gannon, "Colossus: Bletchley Park's Greatest Secret", 2006, Atlantic Books; ISBN 1-84354-330-3. p. 347] Those methods included the Colossus machines, early digital electronic computers.

From 1947 to 1960 he was the Waynflete Professor of Pure Mathematics at Magdalen College, Oxford.

He became president of the London Mathematical Society (LMS) in 1953, a post he held until 1955. [cite web|url = http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Societies/LMSPresidents.html|title = "MacTutor History of Mathematics archive"|accessdate = 2007-07-08] The LMS established two prizes in memory of J. H. C. Whitehead. The first is the annually awarded, to multiple recipients, Whitehead Prize; the second a biennially awarded Senior Whitehead Prize. [cite web|url = http://www.lms.ac.uk/activities/prizes_com/index.html|title = LMS Prizes|accessdate = 2007-07-08]

In the late 1950s, Whitehead approached Robert Maxwell, then chairman of Pergamon Press, to start a new journal, "Topology", but died before its first edition appeared in 1962.

Work

His definition of CW complexes gave a setting for homotopy theory that became standard. He introduced the idea of simple homotopy theory, which was later much developed in connection with algebraic K-theory. The Whitehead product is an operation in homotopy theory. The Whitehead problem on abelian groups was solved (as an independence proof) by Saharon Shelah. His involvement with topology and the Poincaré conjecture led to the creation of the Whitehead manifold. The definition of crossed modules is due to him. Whitehead also made important contributions in differential topology, particularly on triangulations and their associated smooth structures.

elected publications

*citation
last= Whitehead|first= J.H.C.
title= On C¹ complexes
journal= Ann. of Math.
volume = 41
year = 1940
pages = 809-824
* J. H. C. Whitehead, "On incidence matrices, nuclei and homotopy types", Ann. of Math. (2) 42 (1941), 1197–1239.
* J. H. C. Whitehead, "Combinatorial homotopy. I.", Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 55 (1949), 213–245
* J. H. C. Whitehead, "Combinatorial homotopy. II.", Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 55 (1949), 453–496
* J. H. C. Whitehead, "A certain exact sequence", Ann. of Math. (2) 52 (1950), 51–110
* J. H. C. Whitehead, "Simple homotopy types", Amer. J. Math. 72 (1950), 1–57.
* Saunders MacLane, J. H. C. Whitehead, "On the 3-type of a complex", Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 36 (1950), 41–48.
*citation
last= Whitehead|first= J.H.C.
title= Manifolds with tranverse fields in Euclidean space
journal= Ann. of Math.
volume = 73
year = 1961
pages = 154-212 (published posthumously)

ee also

*Simple homotopy
*Spanier-Whitehead duality
*Whitehead group
*Whitehead link
*Whitehead theorem
*Whitehead torsion

References

External links

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Persondata
NAME= Whitehead, J. H. C.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Whitehead, John Henry Constantine
SHORT DESCRIPTION= British mathematician
DATE OF BIRTH= 11 November, 1904
PLACE OF BIRTH= Madras (Chennai), India
DATE OF DEATH= 8 May, 1960
PLACE OF DEATH= Princeton, New Jersey