- Kintpuash
Kintpuash, better known as Captain Jack (circa 1837 -
October 3 ,1873 ), was a chief of the Native AmericanModoc tribe ofCalifornia andOregon , and was their leader during theModoc War .In 1864, the Modoc lived with each other in their ancestral home near
Tule Lake , on the California-Oregon border. However, due to the desire of white settlers to farm the fertile land, they were moved to theKlamath Reservation in southwestern Oregon, home of their traditional rivals, theKlamath tribe. As the Klamath outnumbered their newcomers, and the reservation was on traditional Klamath land, the Modoc were poorly treated.In 1865, Kintpuash, a Modoc leader better known as Captain Jack, led the Modoc people from the reservation back to their home. In 1869, the Modoc were rounded up by the
United States Army and returned to the Klamath Reservation, but conditions had not improved, and Captain Jack led a band of about 180 Modoc to the Tule Lake area in April, 1870.In 1872 the Army was sent to capture Captain Jack's band and return them to the reservation. On
November 29 , while negotiating their surrender atLost River , Oregon, fighting broke out between a soldier and one of the Modoc warriors. The briefBattle of Lost River ensued, and Jack took the opportunity to lead his band into the wastelands of what is nowLava Beds National Monument . The band settled in a natural fortress, now known asCaptain Jack's Stronghold , consisting of many caves and trenches in thelava bed s. When they were finally located, the Army quickly launched an attack onJanuary 17 ,1873 ; the Army lost 35 dead and many wounded, while the Modoc suffered no casualties.Captain Jack's advisers, apparently not attuned to relevant differences between Modoc and Euro-American culture, suggested that the Army would leave in response to killing their leader, Gen.
Edward Canby . Jack hoped, to the contrary, for a peaceful solution to the conflict, and entered into negotiations with a Federal peace commission. During the months-long negotiations, the Modoc hawks gained in influence. Jack was shamed, his opponents even dressing him in the clothing of a Modoc woman to symbolically strip him of his manhood. To bolster his influence, Jack agreed to their plan: he called for a meeting with the commission (of which Canby was by then the chair) with the intention of killing them all. During a conference onApril 11 , Captain Jack and several other Modocs drew pistols upon a pre-arranged signal, and killed two leading members of commission; Captain Jack fatally shot Canby and Boston Charley dispatched Californian clergyman Reverend Eleazar Thomas [Brown, D: "Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee ", page 231. Holt, Rinehart & Winston Inc, 1970.] . Canby was the only general killed during theIndian Wars (Custer's permanent rank waslieutenant colonel ). The murder had far from the desired effect, and Canby's successor, Gen.Jefferson C. Davis , brought in over 1000 soldiers as reinforcements. OnApril 14 , the Army again attacked the stronghold, this time forcing the Modoc to flee.Over the next several months, various groups of Modoc continued to fight the army, while others began to surrender. Captain Jack successfully avoided the Army until a number of Modoc agreed to hunt him down and turn him in; these men included
Hooker Jim ,Bogus Charley ,Shacknasty Jim andSteamboat Frank . OnJune 1 , Captain Jack surrendered, ceremonially laying down his rifle. He was taken toFort Klamath , and onOctober 3 ,1873 he was hanged for the murder of General Canby and Reverend Thomas, along withBlack Jim ,John Schonchin andBoston Charley .After the execution, Captain Jack's body was transported by freight train to
Yreka , with reports that the body was embalmed to be used as a carnival attraction in the Eastern states [Brown, D: "Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee ", page 233. Holt, Rinehart & Winston Inc, 1970.] [ [http://www.answers.com/topic/captain-jack Captain Jack: Biography and Much More from Answers.com ] ] . This unproven and attributed to the army's attempt at secrecy, and in reality all the hanged men's heads were severed from their bodies atFort Klamath , and sent on October 25 by train to the collections of theArmy Medical Museum inWashington, D.C. [ [http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/labe/chap11.htm Lava Beds NM: Modoc War (Chapter 11) ] ] [Army and Navy Journal, Oct. 25, 1873, p. 16] . In 1898, the skulls were transferred to theSmithsonian Institution . In the 1970s, descendants of Captain Jack learned that the skull was at the Smithsonian. In 1984, the Smithsonian returned the remains to Kintpuash's relatives as well as the skulls of Boston Charley, Black Jim and John Schonchin. [ [http://www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/repatriation/reports/regional/northwest/modoc.htm NMNH - Repatriation Office - Reports - Northwest - Modoc ] ] [http://www.nmnh.si.edu/naa/fa/angel.pdf]The "Captain Jack Substation", a
Western Area Power Administration (WAPA)electrical substation named in Kintpuash's honor, is located near Captain Jack's Stronghold. It forms the northern end ofPath 66 , a high-power electric transmission line.References
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