Amadou Diallo

Amadou Bailo Diallo (September 2, 1975 – February 4, 1999) was a 23-year-old immigrant to the United States from Guinea, who was shot and killed on February 4, 1999, by four New York City Police Department plain-clothed officers: Sean Carroll, Richard Murphy, Edward McMellon and Kenneth Boss. The four men fired a total of 41 rounds. Diallo was unarmed at the time of the shooting, and a firestorm of controversy erupted subsequent to the event as the circumstances of the shooting prompted outrage both within and outside New York City. Issues such as police brutality, racial profiling, and contagious shooting were central to the ensuing controversy.

The shooting took place at 1157 Wheeler Avenue in the Soundview section of The Bronx. The four officers involved were part of the now-defunct Street Crimes Unit. All of the officers were exonerated by jury trial of any wrongdoing.

Biography

One of four children of Saikou and Kadiatou Diallo, Amadou's family is part of an old Fulbe (Fula or Fulani people) trading family from the Fouta Djallon highlands of Guinea. He was born in Sinoe, Liberia while his father was working there, and grew up following his family to Togo, Bangkok, and Singapore, attending schools in Thailand, and later in Guinea and London, including Microsoft's Asian Institute. In September 1996, Amadou came to New York City where he and a cousin started a business, and to where other family members had immigrated. There he planned to enroll in college to pursue a computer science degree.Amadou Diallo is buried in the village of Hollande Bourou in the Fouta Djallon, where his extended family resides. [ [http://www.amadoudiallofoundation.org/lifehistory.html Biogaphy at Amadou Diallo Foundation] ;
[http://128.59.96.28/studentwork/bronxbeat/1999/february/021599/guineans.html Shooting troubles Guinean immigrants By Delphine Matthieussent, Columbia University School of Journalism] , February 1999;
[http://friendsofguinea.org/news_guinea/news1.shtml Diallo Remembered in Guinea, ALEXANDRA ZAVIS, The Associated Press] , March 14, 2000.
[http://www.tedconover.com/diallo.html Ted Conover. KADI DIALLO'S TRIAL] . New York Times Magazine, January 9, 2000.
[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A01E3DA113AF934A25751C0A96F958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all SUSAN SACHS. Slain Man's Mother Is Center of Attention in Guinea] . The New York Times, February 17, 1999.

]

Events surrounding death

Diallo had come to New York City to study biochemistry, but had not enrolled in school. He sold videotapes, gloves and socks from the sidewalk along 14th Street during the day and studied in the evenings.

In the early morning of February 4 Diallo was standing near his building after returning from a meal. Police officers Edward McMellon, Sean Carroll, Kenneth Boss and Richard Murphy passed by in a Ford Taurus when they thought Diallo matched the description of a (since-captured) serial rapist and approached him. The officers were in plain clothes.The officers claimed that they loudly identified themselves as NYPD officers and that Diallo ran up the outside steps toward his apartment house doorway at their approach, ignoring their orders to stop and "show his hands." As the suspect reached into his jacket, Carroll believed Diallo was drawing a firearm and yelled "Gun!" to alert his colleagues. The officers opened fire on Diallo and during the burst McMellon fell down the steps, appearing to be shot. The four officers fired forty-one shots, hitting Diallo nineteen times. Investigation found no weapons on Diallo's body; the item he had pulled out of his jacket was not a gun, but a wallet.

On March 25 a Bronx grand jury indicted the officers on charges of second-degree murder and reckless endangerment. On December 16 a New York appellate court ordered a change of venue to Albany, New York, stating that pretrial publicity had made a fair trial in New York City impossible. On February 25, 2000, after two days of deliberations, a jury unanimously voted to acquit the officers of all charges.

Aftermath

Diallo's death, the change of venue, and the verdict each sparked massive demonstrations against police brutality and racial profiling, resulting in more than 1,700 arrests over the course of many weeks. Those arrested in the daily protests at the entrance of One Police Plaza came from all walks of life, and included former NYPD officers, former mayor David Dinkins, Congressmen Charlie Rangel and Gregory Meeks, the Revs. Al Sharpton and Jesse Jackson, actress Susan Sarandon, more than a dozen rabbis and other clergy, and numerous federal, state, and local politicians. Charges against the protesters were later dropped. In 2001 the Justice Department announced that it would not charge the officers with having violated Diallo's civil rights.

On April 18, 2000, Diallo's mother, Kadiatou, and his stepfather, Sankarella Diallo filed a US$61,000,000 ($20m plus $1m for each shot fired) lawsuit against the City of New York and the officers, charging gross negligence, wrongful death, racial profiling, and other violations of Diallo's civil rights. In March 2004, they accepted a US$3,000,000 settlement. Kadiatou and Sankarella Diallo have remained in the United States thus far. The settlement was one of the highest against the City of New York for a single man with no dependents under New York State's restrictive wrongful death law, which limits damages to pecuniary loss by the decedent's next of kin. Anthony H. Gair a partner in the law firm of Gair, Gair, Conason, Steigman & Mackauf, lead counsel for the Diallo family, argued that Federal Common Law should apply pursuant to Section 1983 of the civil rights act.

The shooting death of Diallo also highlighted the presence and plight of West African immigrants (about 50,000 as of 1999) living in New York City. Many are single males who work as street peddlers (as did Diallo) or as employees in wholesale and retail establishments.

In April 2002, as a result of the killing of Diallo and other controversial actions, the Street Crime Unit was disbanded.

In 2003, Amadou Diallo's mother Kadiatou published a memoir, "My Heart Will Cross This Ocean: My Story, My Son, Amadou" with the help of author Craig Wolff (ISBN 0-345-45600-9).

Diallo's death became an issue in the 2005 mayoral election in New York City. Bronx borough president, and mayoral candidate, Fernando Ferrer, who had protested the circumstances of Diallo's death at the time, told a meeting of police sergeants that although the shooting had certainly been a tragedy, there was subsequently a move to "over-indict" the officers involved. This led to criticism of Ferrer by the Diallo family.

The event even spurned subsequent Social Psychology research. Keith Payne (2001) and Joshua Correll et al. (2002) were among the first to publish findings, providing converging evidence from psychological experiments that when the decision must be made quickly, a black man in the United States is more likely to be mistakenly perceived as holding a gun than a white man. Eberhard and colleagues (2004) conducted similar experiments with police officers which revealed that they took longer to decide to not shoot an unarmed black target than an unarmed white target, and were quicker to decide to shoot an armed black target than an armed white target. [cite book | last = Kassin | first = Saul | title = Social Psychology 7th Edition | publisher = Not Avail | location = City | year = 2007 | isbn = 0618868461 ]

Cultural references to Diallo

In music, Diallo and the shooting incident has been referred to in works by 88 Keys, Aesop Rock, Agnostic Front, Akon,Antipop Consortium,Anthony David, Army of the Pharaohs, Bambu Station, Beanie Sigel, Beastie Boys, Big Stan, Brothers Keepers, Bruce Springsteen, Bun B, Capone-N-Noreaga, Cold Duck Complex, Common, Countdown To Putsch, Cunninlynguists, Dead Prez, Dietrich Schoenemann, DMX, Feature & VarCity, Elliott Sharp, Erykah Badu, Fabolous, The Game, Greenhouse Effect, Holistic, Immortal Technique, INDK, Jay-Z, Jedi Mind Tricks, Jen Chapin, KRS-One, Lauryn Hill, Le Tigre, Leftöver Crack, Mash Out Posse, Mike Ladd, Mischief Brew, Morning Glory, Mos Def, Northern State, The Overprivileged, Organized Noise, Papoose, Paris (rapper), Pharoahe Monch, Public Enemy (band), Rage Against the Machine, Ras Mykkal, Roni Size, Roy Campbell, Saigon, Spooks, State Radio, Sun Rise Above, Talib Kweli, Terry Callier, Tiye Phonix, Trivium, Shyne, Wyclef Jean, Youssou N'Dour, Mastah Poet, Zack de la Rocha, Bunny Wailer, Damien Marley,and Ziggy Marley.

In books and poetry, there are references in works by Mumia Abu-Jamal, Ross Gay, Carlos Andrés Goméz, Corbet Dean, Dave Eggers, Malcolm Gladwell, Jeffrey McDaniel, Inga Muscio, Claudia Rankine (in "Don't Let Me Be Lonely"), Ed Roberson (in "City Eclogue"), and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tj4C8riMsKI Bassey Ikpi] .

In film and television, there are references in "25th Hour", "Phone Booth", "Double Take", The Awful Truth, "NYPD Blue", "Law & Order", The Boondocks (TV series), Film School (TV series), "Children of Men" and "Tell No One".

In other art, there is a reference in a tapestry by William Wiley.

Films

*2007 — " [http://www.365daysofmarchingmovie.com 365 Days Of Marching — The Amadou Diallo Story] " Directed, Written and Produced by Veronica Keitt

*2006 — " [http://www.deathoftwosons.com Death of Two Sons] ". Directed by Micah Schaffer. Produced by Alrick Brown and Micah Schaffer.

ee also

* Blink (book)
* Civil rights
* Police brutality
* Racial profiling
* Sean Bell
* Patrick Dorismond [http://www.thedailystar.net/law/2005/09/04/index.htm]
* Anthony Gair
* Johnny Gammage
* Rodney King
* Abner Louima
* Ousmane Zongo

References

External links

* [http://www.amadoudiallofoundation.org/ The Amadou Diallo Educational, Humanitarian and Charity Foundation] .
* Complete Diallo case coverage at [http://www.courttv.com/trials/diallo/ CourtTV.com]
* Article about the shooting at [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BTT/is_149_24/ai_65910628/pg_1 findarticles.com]