- Consequences of German Nazism
German
Nazism and the acts of the Nazi German state profoundly affected many countries, communities and peoples before, during and afterWorld War II . While the attempt of Germany to exterminate several nations viewed as subhuman by Nazi ideology was stopped by the Allies, Nazi aggression nevertheless led to the deaths of tens of millions and the ruin of several states.Effect on Jewish people
Of the world's 15 million
Jew s in 1939, more than a third were killed in theHolocaust . [ [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/history.html History of the Holocaust - An Introduction] ] [ [http://www.guardian.co.uk/ukraine/story/0,,2096327,00.html Pipeline workers find mass grave of Jews killed by Nazis] ] Of the 3 million Jews inPoland , the heartland of EuropeanJewish culture , barely 350,000 survived. Most of the remaining Jews in Eastern and Central Europe were destituterefugee s who were unable or unwilling to return to countries that became Sovietpuppet state s, or countries they felt had betrayed them to the Nazis. Jewish support for Zionism had increased largely because the Holocaust killed off almost all political Jews opposing Zionism (such as theGeneral Jewish Labor Union ) and gave weight to the Zionist claim that Jews would only be safe within a nation of their own. This gave a profound impetus for the Zionist movement to press more radically for the creation of aJewish state (Israel ) in theBritish Mandate of Palestine .This outraged
Arab residents, many of whom firmly opposed such a new state. After various militant acts by the radical Zionist factions on the British Mandate's apparatus, the British withdrew in 1948, placing the region into theArab-Israeli Conflict , which continues to this day.Effect on
Austria Austria, which had been unified to Germany in 1938 ("
Anschluss "), was separated from Germany again and, just like Germany itself, divided up into four zones occupied by the four victorious nations. However, Austrian diplomacy succeeded in preventing the country from gradually being split into a "Western" and an "Eastern" state. Rather, Austria regained its full independence and sovereignty in 1955 with the signing of theAustrian State Treaty ("Staatsvertrag").Denazification as well as the restitution ofJew ish property were carried out slowly and half-heartedly by the authorities. For decades to come, the Austrian people, supported by politicians of all major political parties, preferred seeing themselves as "Hitler's first victim" over taking responsibility for the crimes that had been committed by Austrian Nazis likeAdolf Eichmann ,Ernst Kaltenbrunner and of course Hitler himself.Similarly to Germany, the Austrian economy quickly recovered in the course of the 1950s.Effect on
Poland The Nazis intended to destroy the Polish nation completely and in 1941 Nazi leadership decided that in 10 to 20 years Polish state was to be fully cleared of any ethnic Poles and settled by German colonists.
Volker R. Berghahn "Germans and Poles 1871–1945" in "Germany and Eastern Europe: Cultural Identities and Cultural Differences", Rodopi 1999] From the beginning of occupation German policy was to plunder and exploit Polish territory, turning it into a giant concentration camp for Poles who were to be eventually exterminated as "untermensch en". The policy of plunder and exploitation inflicted enormous material losses to Polish industry, agriculture, infrastructure and cultural landmarks. The cost of the destruction by Germans alone is estimated at approximately €525 billion or $640 billion. [ [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1324630,00.html Poles Vote to Seek War Reparations] , "Deutsche Welle ",11 September 2004 ] . The remaining industry was largely destroyed or transported to Russia by Soviet Union occupation forces following the war.The official Polish government report of war losses prepared in 1947 reported 6,028,000 war victims out of a population of 27,007,000 ethnic
Poles andJews alone. For political reasons the report excluded the losses to Soviet Union and the losses among Polish citizens of Ukrainian and Belarusian origin.Poland's eastern border was significantly moved westwards to the
Curzon line . The resulting territorial loss of 188,000 km² (formerly populated by 5,3 million ethnic Poles [Concise statistical year-book of Poland , Polish Ministry of Information. London June 1941 P.9 & 10] ) was to be compensated by the addition 111,000 km² of former German territory east of theOder-Neisse line (formerly populated by 11,4 millionethnic Germans [ [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=260621074909720 The Expulsion of Germans from Poland, Revisited] , H-Net Review] ).Kidnapping of Polish children by Germany also took place,in which children who were believed to hold German blood were taken away; 20,000-200,000 [A. Dirk Moses, "Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History", [http://books.google.com/books?id=5zHAGNPTkqIC&pg=PA260&dq=Germanization+%22Polish+children&ei=t24wR9WvDYPU7QLL5OjsCQ&sig=mBzLuS86EO-HWkxMzZA4oERSW5U Google Print, p.260] ] Polish children were taken away from their parents. Out of the abducted only 10-15% returned home. [Tadeusz Piotrowski, "Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947", [http://books.google.com/books?id=A4FlatJCro4C&pg=PA22&dq=Germanization+%22Polish+children%22&ei=WIcwR4bxIoia7AKX1KHXCQ&sig=sWXkGcyu7JESf94H4kGH1KzW03k Google Print, p.22] ] Polish elites were decimated and over half of Polishintelligentsia murdered. Some professions lost 20-50% of their members, for example 58% of Polish lawyers were exterminated by Germany, 38% medical doctors and 28% of university workers. The Polish capitalWarsaw was razed by German forces and most of its old and newly acquired cities were lying in ruins (e.g.Wrocław ) or lost to Soviet Union. In addition Poland became a Soviet satellite state, remaining under a Soviet-controlledCommunist government until 1989. The Russian troops did not retreat from Poland until 1993.See also
*Expulsion of Germans by Poland
*Expulsion of Poles by Germany
*Holocaust in Poland
*Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles
*Massacres of Poles in Volhynia
*Destruction of WarsawEffect on Central Europe
The peoples of
Central Europe found themselves under Soviet military occupation at the end of the war, and the Soviets rapidly installedCommunist puppet government s in all the countries they controlled, especiallyPoland ,Hungary ,Romania ,Bulgaria , and what was thenCzechoslovakia (now theCzech Republic andSlovakia ). For all the affected countries installing the totalitarian Communist regimes also meant the collapse of their economies and total loss of their national sovereignty for many years to come. It was to be almost 50 years before theRussia n forces were driven out of their gains of 1945.Effect on the
Soviet Union More than 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed as a result of the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, including some 10,651,000 soldiers who fell in battle against Hitler's armies or died in
POW camps. [ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4530565.stm Leaders mourn Soviet wartime dead] ] Millions of civilians also died from starvation, exposure, atrocities, and massacres, and a huge area of the Soviet Union from the suburbs ofMoscow and theVolga River to the western border had been destroyed, depopulated, and reduced to rubble. The staggering mass death and destruction there badly damaged the Soviet economy, society, and national psyche. The death toll included c.a. 2 millionSoviet Jews killed by the German invaders. [Zvi Gitelman, [http://hgs.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/5/1/23 History, Memory and Politics: The Holocaust in the Soviet Union] ] The mass destruction andmass murder was one of the reasons why the Soviet Union installed satellite states in Central Europe; as the government hoped to use the countries as abuffer zone against any new catastrophic invasions from the West. This helped break down the wartime alliance between the Soviet Union and the Western Allies, setting the stage for theCold War , which lasted until the USSR's collapse in 1991. Soviet culture in the 1950s was defined by results of the Great Patriotic War.Close to 60% of the European war dead were from the
Soviet Union . A Russian historian Vadim Erlikman has detailed Soviet losses totaling 26.5 million war related deaths. Military losses of 10.6 million include 7.6 million killed or missing in action and 2.6 millionPOW dead, plus 400,000 paramilitary and Soviet partisan losses. Civilian deaths totaled 15.9 million which included 1.5 million from military actions; 7.1 million victims of Nazigenocide and reprisals; 1.8 million deported to Germany forforced labor ; and 5.5 millionfamine anddisease deaths. Additional famine deaths which totaled 1 million during 1946-47 are not included here. These losses are for the entire territory of the USSR including territories annexed in 1939-40. [ [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3955/is_n4_v46/ai_15654726 Soviet deaths in the Great Patriotic War: a note - World War II] ]To the north, the Germans reached
Leningrad (Saint Petersburg ) in August 1941. The city was surrounded on 8 September, beginning a 900-daySiege of Leningrad during which almost 1 million civilians died.Of the 5.7 million
Soviet prisoners of war captured by the Germans, more than 3.5 million had died while in German captivity by the end of the war. [ [http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/world_war_2/3037296.html Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II] ] On 11 February 1945, at the conclusion of theYalta Conference , theUnited States andUnited Kingdom signed a Repatriation Agreement with the USSR. ["The United States and Forced Repatriation of Soviet Citizens, 1944-47" by Mark Elliott Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 88, No. 2 (Jun., 1973), pp. 253-275] The interpretation of this Agreement resulted in the forcible repatriation of all Soviets regardless of their wishes. [ [http://www.hillsdale.edu/news/imprimis/archive/issue.asp?year=1988&month=12 Forced Repatriation to the Soviet Union: The Secret Betrayal] ] Millions of Soviet POWs and forced laborers transported to Germany are believed to be treated as traitors, cowards and deserters on their return to the USSR(seeOrder No. 270 ) . [ [http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/t-z/warlords1stalin.html The warlords: Joseph Stalin] ] [ [http://www.stsg.de/main/zeithain/geschichte/gedenken/index_en.php Remembrance (Zeithain Memorial Grove)] ] According to some sources, many were executed or deported to the Soviet prison camps, over 1.5 million survivingRed Army soldiers imprisoned by the Germans were sent to theGulag inSiberia and the far north. [ [http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3063246.html Sorting Pieces of the Russian Past] ] [ [http://www.smh.com.au/news/opinion/patriots-ignore-greatest-brutality/2007/08/12/1186857342382.html?page=2 Patriots ignore greatest brutality] ] [ [http://www.moreorless.au.com/killers/stalin.html Joseph Stalin killer file] ] . However, statistical data from Soviet archives, that became available after Perestroika, attest that the overall increase of the Gulag population was minimal during 1945-46 [cite web|url=http://www.etext.org/Politics/Staljin/Staljin/articles/AHR/AHR.html|title=Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-war Years|author=Getty, Rittersporn, Zemskov] and only 272,867 of repatriated Soviet POWs and civilians (out of 4,199,488) were imprisoned [ [http://scepsis.ru/library/id_1234.html Репатриация перемещённых советских граждан // Виктор Земсков ] ] Verify source|date=September 2008.Effect on
Belarus Belarus lost a quarter of its pre-war population, including practically all its intellectual elite and 90% of the country’s Jewish population. Following bloody encirclement battles, all of the present-day Belarus territory was occupied by the Germans by the end of August 1941. The Nazis imposed a brutal regime, deporting some 380,000 young people forslave labour , and killing hundreds of thousands of civilians more. At least 5,295 Belarusian settlements were destroyed by the Nazis and some or all their inhabitants killed (out of 9200 settlements that were burned or otherwise destroyed in Belarus during World War II). More than 600 villages likeKhatyn were burned with their entire population. [ [http://www.belarusguide.com/travel1/Khatyn.html Khatyn WWII Memorial in Belarus] ] More than 209 cities and towns (out of 270 total) were destroyed.Himmler had pronounced a plan according to which 3/4 of Belarusian population was designated for "eradication" and 1/4 of racially cleaner population (blue eyes, light hair) would be allowed to serve Germans as slaves.Some recent estimates raise the number of Belarusians who perished in War to "3 million 650 thousand people, unlike the former 2.2 million. That is to say not every fourth inhabitant but almost 40% of the pre-war Belarusian population perished (considering the present-day borders of Belarus)." [ [http://www.belarusguide.com/history1/WWII_partisan_resistance_in_Belarus.htm Partisan Resistance in Belarus during World War II] ]
Effect on
Ukraine Ukraine also suffered heavily, with estimates on population losses ranging from 6.5 million to as high as 11 million. More than 700 cities and towns and 28,000 villages were destroyed. [ [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30082/Ukraine Ukraine :: World War II and its aftermath] ]See also
*
World War II casualties
*Generalplan Ost
*Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany
*Forced settlements in the Soviet Union
*Operation Keelhaul
*Hunger Plan Effect on Yugoslavia
The demographic loss is estimated at 1,027,000 individuals by
Vladimir Zerjavic andBogoljub Kočović , an estimate accepted by theUnited Nations , while the official Yugoslav authorities claimed 1,700,000 casualties. Very high losses were amongSerbs who lived in Bosnia andCroatia , as well asJew ish and Roma minorities, high also among all other non-collaborating population. In the summer of 1941, the Serbian uprising came at the time of the German invasion of the USSR. The Nazi response was harsh. For every killed soldier, the Germans executed 100 Serbian civilians, and for each wounded, they killed 50. [ [http://www.antiwar.com/orig/savich3.html German Occupation of Serbia and the Kragujevac Massacre, by Carl K. Savich] ]The
Yugoslav Partisans fought both aguerrilla campaign against the Axis occupiers and acivil war against theChetniks . TheIndependent State of Croatia was established as a Nazi puppet-state, ruled by the fascist militia known as theUstaše . During this time the Independent State of Croatia createdextermination camps for anti-fascists, communists, Serbs, Muslims, Gypsies and Jews, one of the most infamous beingJasenovac . A large number of men, women and children, mostlySerbs , were murdered in these camps. In 1945,Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia was created as a communist republic.Effect on Western Europe
Britain and
France were on the side of the victors, but they were exhausted and bankrupted by the war, and Britain never recovered its status as a superpower. With Germany andJapan in ruins as well, the world was left with two dominant powers, theUnited States and the Soviet Union. Economic and political reality in Western Europe would soon force the dismantling of the European colonial empires, especially inAfrica andAsia . The new states quickly found themselves unprepared for the realities of independence and faced the harsh reality of rapid population growth, social unrest, and political instability, all of which afflict many of these former colonies today.One of the most important political consequences of the Nazi experience in Western Europe was the establishment of new, human rights based political alliances which eventually became the
European Union and an international military alliance of democratic European countries known as NATO to counterbalance the Soviets'Warsaw Pact andComintern until communist rule in Eastern Europe ended in the late 1980s.The Communists emerged from the war sharing the vast prestige of the victorious Soviet armed forces, and for a while it looked as though they might take power in
France ,Italy andGreece . The West quickly acted to prevent this from happening, hence the Cold War.Effect on Greece
In
Greece the German occupation (April 1941-October 1944) destroyed the economy throughwar reparations , plundering of the country's resources and hyper-inflation. In addition, the Germans left most of the country's infrastructure in ruins as they withdrew in 1944. As a result of an Allied blockade and German indifference to local needs, the first winter of the occupation was marked by widespreadfamine in the main urban centres, with as many as 300,000 civilians dead fromstarvation . Although these levels of starvation were not repeated in the next years, malnourishment was common throughout the occupation. In addition, thousands more were executed by German forces asreprisals for partisan activities. As part of theHolocaust , Greece's Jewish community was almost wiped out. Especially the largeSephardi community ofThessaloniki , which had existed in the city since the Middle Ages and earned it the sobriquet "Mother of Israel", was eliminated. In total, at least 81% (ca. 60,000) of Greece's total pre-war Jewish population perished.The bitterest and longest-lasting legacy of the German occupation was the social upheaval it wrought. The old political elites were sidelined, and the Resistance against the Axis brought to the fore the leftist National Liberation Front (EAM), arguably the country's first true mass-movement, where the Communists played a central role. In an effort to oppose its growing influence, the Germans encouraged the pre-war conservative establishment to confront it, and allowed the creation of armed units. As elsewhere in Eastern Europe, in the last year of the occupation, conditions in Greece often approximated a civil war between EAM and everyone else. The rift would become permanent in December 1944, when EAM and the British-backed government clashed in Athens, and again in a fully fledged Communist insurgency from 1946-1949.
Effect on
Germany More than 7 million Germans, including almost 2 million civilians, died during World War II. (see
World War II casualties ) After the end of the war in Europe additional casualties were incurred during the Allied occupation and also during the population expulsions that followed.After the war, the German people were often viewed with contempt because they were blamed for Nazi
crime s by otherEurope ans. Germans visiting abroad, particularly in the 1950s and 1960s, attracted insults from locals, and from foreigners who may have had their families or friends live through or perish in the atrocities. Today in Europe and worldwide (particularly in countries that fought against the Axis), Germans may be scorned by elderly people who were alive to experience the atrocities committed by Nazi Germans during World War II. This resulted in a feeling of controversy for many Germans, causing numerous discussions and rows among scholars and politicians in Post-WarWest Germany (for example, the "Historikerstreit " [historians' argumen] in the 1980s) and after Reunification. Here, the discussion was mainly about the role that the unified Germany should play in the world and inEurope . Bernard Schlink's "The Reader " documents how post-war Germans dealt with the issue.Following World War II, the Allies embarked on a program of
denazification , but as theCold War intensified these efforts were curtailed in the west.Germany itself and the German economy were devastated, with great parts of most major cities destroyed by the bombings of the Allied forces,
sovereignty was taken away by theAllies and the territory filled with millions ofrefugee s from the former eastern provinces which the Allies had decided were to be annexed by the Soviet Union and Poland, moving the eastern German border westwards to theOder-Neisse line and effectively reducing Germany in size by roughly 25%. (see alsoPotsdam Conference ) The remaining parts of Germany were divided among the Allies and occupied by British (the north-west), French (the south-west), US-American (the south) and Soviet (the east) troops.The expulsions of Germans from the lost areas in the east (see also
Former eastern territories of Germany ), theSudetenland , and elsewhere in eastern Europe went on for several years. The number of Germans expelees totaled roughly 15,000,000. Estimates of number of deaths in connection with expulsion range from under 500,000 to 3 million.After a short time the
Allies broke over ideological problems (Communism versusCapitalism ), and thus both sides established their own spheres of influence, creating a previously non-existent division in Germany between East and West, (although the division largely followed the borders of states which had existed in Germany beforeBismarck 's unification less than 100 years before).A
constitution forEast Germany was drafted on30 May 1949 .Wilhelm Pieck , a leader of theSocialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) party (which was created by a forced merger of theSocial Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) andCommunist Party of Germany (KPD) in the Soviet sector), was elected firstPresident of theGerman Democratic Republic .West Germany , (officially: Federal Republic of Germany, FRG - this is still the official name of the unifiedGermany today) received ("de facto") semi-sovereignty in 1949, as well as a constitution, called the "Grundgesetz" (Basic Law). The document was not called a Constitution officially, as at this point, it was still hoped that the two German states would be reunited in the near future.The first free
election s in West Germany were held in 1949, which were won by theChristian Democratic Party of Germany (CDU) (conservatives) by a slight margin.Konrad Adenauer , a member of the CDU, was the first "Bundeskanzler" (Chancellor) ofWest Germany .Both German states introduced, in 1948, their own money, colloquially called "West-Mark" and "Ost-Mark" (Western Mark and Eastern Mark).
Foreign troops still remain in Germany today, for example
Ramstein Air Base , but the majority of troops left following the end of theCold War (By 1994 for Soviet troops, mandated under the terms of theTreaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany and in the mid-1990s for Western forces). The Bush Administration in the United States in 2004 stated intentions to withdraw most of the remaining American troops out of Germany in the coming years. During the years 1950-2000 more than 10,000,000 U.S. military personnel were stationed in Germany. [Tim Kane, PhD., [http://www.heritage.org/Research/NationalSecurity/cda04-11.cfm Global U.S. Troop Deployment, 1950-2003] , "Heritage Foundation "27 October ,2004 ]The West German economy was by the mid 50's rebuilt thanks to the abandonment in mid-1947 of some of the last vestiges of the
Morgenthau Plan and to fewerwar reparations imposed on West Germany (see alsoWirtschaftswunder ). After lobbying by theJoint Chiefs of Staff , and Generals Clay and Marshall, the Truman administration finally realized that economic recovery in Europe could not go forward without the reconstruction of the German industrial base on which it had previously had been dependent. [http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks49.pdf Ray Salvatore Jennings "The Road Ahead: Lessons in Nation Building from Japan, Germany, and Afghanistan for Postwar Iraq] May 2003, Peaceworks No. 49 pg.15] In July 1947, PresidentHarry S. Truman rescinded on "national security grounds" the punitiveJCS 1067 , which had directed the U.S. forces of occupation in Germany to "take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany." It was replaced by JCS 1779, which instead stressed that " [a] n orderly, prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany." [ [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,887417,00.html Pas de Pagaille!]Time Magazine July 28, 1947.]The dismantling of factories in the western zones, for further transport to Russia as reparations, was in time halted as frictions grew between East and West. Limits were placed on permitted levels of German production in order to prevent resurgence of German militarism, part of which included severely restricting German steel production and affected the rest of the German economy very negatively (see "
The industrial plans for Germany "). Dismantling of factories by France and Great Britain as reparations and for the purpose of lowering German war and economic potential under the "level of industry plans" took place (finally halted in 1951), but to nowhere near the scale of the dismantling and transport to theSoviet Union of factories in the eastern zone of occupation. The Eastern Block did not accept theMarshall Plan , denouncing it as Americaneconomic imperialism , and thus it (East Germany included) recovered much more slowly than their Western counterparts. German political end economic control of its main remaining centers of industry was reduced, theRuhr area was under international control.The Ruhr Agreement was imposed on the Germans as a condition for permitting them to establish theFederal Republic of Germany . [Amos Yoder, "The Ruhr Authority and the German Problem", The Review of Politics, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Jul., 1955), pp. 345-358] (see also theInternational Authority for the Ruhr (IAR)). In the end, the beginning of theCold War led to increased German control of the area, although permanently limited by the pooling of German coal and steel into a multinational community in 1951 (seeEuropean Coal and Steel Community ). The neighboring Saar area, containing much of Germany's remaining coal deposits, was by the U.S. handed over to French economic administration as a protectorate in 1947 and did not politically return to Germany until January 1957, with economic reintegration occurring a few years later. (see also theMonnet Plan ). UpperSilesia Germany's second largest center of mining and industry had at thePotsdam Conference been handed over to Poland and its population expelled.The Allies confiscated intellectual property of great value, all German patents, both in Germany and abroad, and used them to strengthen their own industrial competitiveness by licensing them to Allied companies. [C. Lester Walker [http://www.scientistsandfriends.com/files/secrets.doc "Secrets By The Thousands"] ,
Harper's Magazine . October 1946] Beginning immediately after the German surrender and continuing for the next two years theU.S. pursued a vigorous program to harvest all technological and scientific know-how as well as all patents in Germany. John Gimbel comes to the conclusion, in his book "Science Technology and Reparations: Exploitation and Plunder in Postwar Germany", that the "intellectual reparations" taken by the U.S. and theUK amounted to close to $10 billion. [Norman M. Naimark The Russians in Germany pg. 206. (Naimark refers to Gimbels book)] [ The $10 billion compares to the U.S. annual GDP of $258 billion in 1948.] [The $10 billion compares to the total Marshall plan expenditure (1948-1952) of $13 billion, of which Germany received $1,4 billion (partly as loans).] During the more than two years that this policy was in place, no industrial research in Germany could take place, as any results would have been automatically available to overseas competitors who were encouraged by the occupation authorities to access all records and facilities. Meanwhile thousands of the best German researchers were being put to work in theSoviet Union and in theU.S. (see alsoOperation Paperclip )For several years following the surrender German nutritional levels were very low, resulting in very high mortality rates. Throughout all of 1945 the U.S. forces of occupation ensured that no international aid reached ethnic Germans. Steven Bela Vardy and T. Hunt Tooley, eds. "Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe" ISBN 0-88033-995-0. subsection by Richard Dominic Wiggers, "The United States and the Refusal to Feed German Civilians after World War II"] It was directed that all relief went to non-German
displaced person s, liberated AlliedPOW s, andconcentration camp inmates. During 1945 it was estimated that the average German civilian in theU.S. andU.K occupation zones received 1200 calories a day. Meanwhile non-GermanDisplaced Persons were receiving 2300 calories through emergency food imports and Red Cross help. In early October 1945 theU.K. government privately acknowledged in a cabinet meeting that German civilian adult death rates had risen to 4 times the pre-war levels and death rates amongst the German children had risen by 10 times the pre-war levels. The GermanRed Cross was dissolved, and the International Red Cross and the few other allowed international relief agencies were kept from helping Germans through strict controls on supplies and on travel. The few agencies permitted to help Germans, such as the indigenous Caritas Verband, were not allowed to use imported supplies. When the Vatican attempted to transmit food supplies from Chile to German infants the U.S.State Department forbade it. The German food situation reached its worst during the very cold winter of 1946-1947 when German calorie intake ranged from 1,000-1,500 calories per day, a situation made worse by severe lack of fuel for heating. Meanwhile the Allies were well fed, average adult calorie intake was; U.S. 3200-3300; UK 2900; U.S. Army 4000. German infant mortality rate was twice that of other nations in Western Europe until the close of 1948. (see alsoEisenhower and German POWs )As agreed by the Allies at the
Yalta conference Germans were used asforced labor as part of the reparations to be extracted to the countries ruined by Nazi aggression. By 1947 it is estimated that 4,000,000 Germans (both civilians andPOW s) were being used as forced labor by the U.S., France, the UK and the Soviet Union. (see alsoEisenhower and German POWs ) German prisoners were for example forced to clear minefields in France and the low countries. By December 1945 it was estimated by French authorities that 2,000 German prisoners were being killed or maimed each month in accidents. [ S. P. MacKenzie "The Treatment of Prisoners of War in World War II" The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 66, No. 3. (Sep., 1994), pp. 487-520.] In Norway the last available casualty record, from August 29, 1945, shows that by that time a total of 275 German soldiers died while clearing mines, while 392 had been maimed. [Jonas Tjersland, [http://www.vg.no/pub/vgart.hbs?artid=166207 Tyske soldater brukt som mineryddere] , "VG Nett",8 April ,2006 ] Death rates for the German civilians doing forced labor in the Soviet Union ranged between 19% - 39%, depending on category. (see alsoForced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union ).Norman Naimark writes in "The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949." that although the exact number of women andgirls who were raped by members of theRed Army in the months preceding and years following the capitulation will never be known, their numbers are likely in the hundreds of thousands, quite possibly as high as the 2,000,000 victims estimate made by Barbara Johr, in "Befreier und Befreite". Many of these victims were raped repeatedly. Naimark states that not only had each victim to carry the trauma with her for the rest of her days, it inflicted a massive collective trauma on the East German nation (theGerman Democratic Republic ). Naimark concludes "The social psychology of women and men in the soviet zone of occupation was marked by the crime of rape from the first days of occupation, through the founding of the GDR in the fall of 1949, until-one could argue-the present." [Norman M. Naimark. "The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949." Harvard University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-674-78405-7 pp. 132,133]The post-war hostility shown to the German people is exemplified in the fate of the
War children , sired by German soldiers with women from the local population in nations such as Norway where the children and their mothers after the war had to endure many years of abuse. In the case of Denmark the hostility felt towards all things German also showed itself in the treatment of German refugees during the years 1945 to 1949. During 1945 alone 7000 German children under the age of 5 died as a result of being denied sufficient food and denied medical attention by Danish doctors who were afraid that rendering aid to the children of the former enemy would be seen as an unpatriotic act. Many children died of easily treatable ailments. As a consequence "more German refugees died in Danish camps, "than Danes did during the entire war."" [ [http://www.cphpost.dk/get/87301.html Children were starved in war aftermath] , "Copenhagen Post ,15 April ,2005 ] [Manfred Ertel, [http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,355772,00.html Denmark's Myths Shattered: A Legacy of Dead German Children] , "Spiegel Online,16 May ,2005 ] [Andrew Osborn, [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,6903,891930,00.html Documentary forces Danes to confront past] , "The Observer ",9 February 2003 ] [ [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,1564,1545676,00.html Danish Study Says German Children Abused] , "Deutsche Welle ",10 April ,2005 ]During the
Cold War , it was difficult for West Germans to visit East German relatives and friends and impossible vice versa. For East Germans, especially after the building of theBerlin Wall on13 August 1961 and untilHungary opened up its border to the West in the late 1980s, thus allowing hundreds of thousands of vacationing East Germans to flee intoWestern Europe , it was only possible to get to West Germany by illegally fleeing across heavily-fortified and guarded border areas.44 years after the end of
World War II , theBerlin Wall fell on9 November ,1989 . Both the East as well as the West parts of Germany were reunited on3 October 1990 .Economic and social divisions between East and West Germany still continue to play a major role in politics and society in
Germany today. It is likely the contrast between the generally well-off and economically-diverse West and the weaker, heavy-industry reliant East will continue at least until the foreseeable future.ee also
*
History of Germany since 1945
*Germany
*East Germany
*West Germany
*Cold War
*Marshall Plan
*Berlin Wall
*Ostpolitik
*German reunification Effect on world politics
The war led to the discrediting and dissolution of the
League of Nations and led to the founding of theUnited Nations onOctober 24 1945 . Like its predecessor, the UN was established to help prevent other world wars and contain or stop smaller conflicts. The principles enshrined in theCharter of the United Nations are a testament to the world's attitudes at the fall of the Third Reich.Effect on international law
The effect the Nazis had on present-day international law should not be underestimated. The United Nations Genocide Convention, a series of laws that made
genocide a crime, was approved in December 1948, three years after the Nazi defeat. That same month, theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights also became a part of international law. TheNuremberg trials , followed by other Naziwar crimes trials, also created an unwritten rule stating that government officials who "follow orders" from leaders in committing crimes against humanity cannot use such a motive to excuse their crimes. It also had an effect through theFourth Geneva Convention (Art 33) in making collective punishments a war crime.Effect on racism
After the world viewed the Nazi death camps, many western peoples began to outwardly oppose ideas of racial superiority. Liberal anti-racism became a staple of many western governments. Whereas racism was still present, openly racist publications were looked down upon. The social progression towards tolerance of different cultures in western societies has continued to the present day. Although figures such as
Martin Luther King, Jr. had a profound effect on anti-racism in the west, the effect of theHolocaust , particularly the Jewish death toll during World War II was equally profound. Since the collapse of Nazi Germany, western populations have been wary of racial political parties, fearing the return of a catastrophe similar to the purges carried out by Nazis in Germany.Effect on future armed conflicts
The major tactical innovation which Nazi Germany introduced was the
blitzkrieg , with closely coordinated use of motorized, mechanized, and airborne forces on the schwerpunkt (focal point), followed by encirclement by motorized forces, and exploitation of the gap by conventional infantry forces . Radio communication allowed for the close coordination necessary for such attacks, and allowed for coordination of the airforce. Similarly, the use of air power to supplement conventional ground forces was another innovation in warfare originated by German forces in WWII. The introduction of rockets and jet engines also revolutionized warfare. The use of theV1 flying bomb andV2 rocket represented a new facet of warfare. Jet engines allowed for more sophisticated aircraft and mach speeds. This revolutionized both military and commercial aircraft. The idea oftotal war was also a revolutionary concept, in which the enemy's economy, industry, and civilian populations were all legitimate targets. This was a major shift in ideology from the rules of engagement which previously governed nations at war.These new technologies, tactics, and ideologies introduced by Nazi Germany have resulted in major changes in the way nations conduct war, and have been the groundwork for many of the operations carried out today.
References
* Steven Bela Vardy and T. Hunt Tooley, eds. "Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe" ISBN 0-88033-995-0. subsection by Richard Dominic Wiggers, "The United States and the Refusal to Feed German Civilians after World War II"
Footnotes
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