Ithiel Town

Infobox Architect


image_size =
caption =
name = Ithiel Town
nationality = American
birth_date = birth date|1784|10|3|mf=y
birth_place = Thompson, Connecticut
death_date = death date and age|1844|6|13|1784|10|3|mf=y
death_place = New Haven, Connecticut
practice_name = Town and Davis
significant_buildings = Center Church
Trinity Church
Wadsworth Atheneum

significant_projects =
significant_design = Lattice truss bridge
awards = National Academy of Design; Yale honorary degree|

Ithiel Town (October 3, 1784–June 13, 1844) was a prominent American architect and civil engineer. One of the first generation of professional architects in the United States, Town made significant contributions to American architecture in the first half of the 19th century. He was high-strung, sophisticated, generous, intelligent, and practical. His work, in the Federal and revivalist Greek and Gothic architectural styles, was influential and widely copied.

Life and works

Town was born in Thompson, Connecticut to Archelaus Town, a farmer, and Martha (Johnson) Town. He trained with the eminent Asher Benjamin in Boston and began his own professional career with the Asa Gray House (1810).

His earliest important architectural works include Center Church (1812–1815), and Trinity Church (1813–1816, both on the New Haven Green in New Haven, Connecticut. He demonstrated his virtuosity as an engineer by constructing the spire for Center Church inside the tower and then raising it into place in less than three hours using a special windlass.Seymour, G. D. "Ithiel Town", Dictionary of American Biography Base Set, American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2008.] Trinity Church, built from local seam-faced trap rock and topped with a square tower, was one of the earliest Gothic Revival churches in America.

In 1825, Town became one of the original members of the National Academy of Design and was awarded an honorary Master of Arts degree from Yale University.

Town's lattice truss

On January 28, 1820, Town was granted a patent for a form of wooden truss bridge, which became known as Town's Lattice Truss. The design was of great importance because it could be built quickly by relatively unskilled workers from readily available material. The truss design also avoided the need for the wide piers needed for stone arches. The design was widely used throughout the United States and made Town wealthy (Town charged one to two dollars per foot in royalties for his designs). Town's truss design can still be seen in two of Connecticut's remaining covered bridges, Bull's Bridge in Kent and West Cornwall Bridge in Cornwall and Sharon, and in the Eagleville Bridge and the Shushan Bridge in Washington County, New York. Many other extant covered bridges also employ Town's basic design.

Town and Davis

In 1829, Town formed one of the first professional architectural firms in the United States with Alexander Jackson Davis, together producing notable buildings in a range of new Revival styles, including Greek, Gothic, Tuscan, and Egyptian. Town also traveled in Europe during this period (1829–30).

The firm lasted until 1835; for eighteen months in 1832–1833, it operated as Town, Davis, and Dakin, when James H. Dakin joined the firm. Their works included the state capitol in New Haven, the city hall and Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford, Connecticut, the capitol buildings of Indiana (1831-1840, demolished 1877), and North Carolina (1833–1840), and the U.S. Custom House, now Federal Hall, in New York City (1833–1842). During this time, Town also designed the Potomac Aqueduct in Washington, D.C. (1833–1843), which allowed fully loaded canal boats to cross the Potomac River. It was considered one of the most remarkable engineering feats of the time.

Home and library

Town designed his New Haven home on Hillhouse Avenue in the Greek Revival style; here he kept what was then an extraordinary architectural library — an inspiration to many, including Davis and another noted New Haven architect, Henry Austin. His impressive library contained more than 11,000 volumesBilger, Burkhard, "Mystery on Pearl Street," "The New Yorker", Jan. 7, 2008, p. 64.] of architecture books and prints and was far larger than any other personal collection anywhere at the time, including that of Sir John Soane in London. The library was amassed at a time when only a handful of significant architecture books had been published in America. [Byars, Mel. "Town, Ithiel" in "American National Biography", American Council of Learned Societies, 2000.] Town left many of his books to Yale upon his death; the rest were sold.

In 1839, Town commissioned noted American painter Thomas Cole to execute a painting called "The Architect's Dream", which now hangs in the Toledo Museum of Art.

Town's house was later owned by Joseph Earl Sheffield, benefactor of the Sheffield Scientific School and modified by Austin. Town designed a number of other stately homes on Hillhouse.

Death

Town died in New Haven on June 13, 1844, and is interred in Grove Street Cemetery, New Haven, Connecticut.

Selected works

* Asa Gray House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1810. Federal
* Center Church, New Haven, Connecticut, 1812–1815. Federal
* Trinity Church, New Haven, Connecticut, 1813–1816, Gothic Revival
* Samuel Wadsworth Russell House, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, 1828. Greek revival.
* Skinner House, New Haven, Connecticut (now Yale International Center of Finance), Town and Davis, 1832. Greek revival.
* North Carolina State Capitol, Raleigh, North Carolina, Town and Davis, 1840. Greek revival.
* U. S. Custom House, now Federal Hall, New York City, Town and Davis, 1833–1842. Greek revival.
* Apthorp House, New Haven, Connecticut (now Evans Hall, Yale School of Management), Town and Davis, 1836
* State capitol, New Haven, Connecticut, 1837. Greek revival. Razed
* Indiana Statehouse, Town and Davis, 1840. Demolished in 1877.
* Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut, 1842. Gothic revival
* Leake and Watt's Children's Home, New York, New York, 1843. Gothic revival
* Ithiel Town (Sheffield) Mansion, New Haven, Connecticut. Greek revival. Razed

Selected writings

* "A Description of Ithiel Town's Improvement in the Construction of Wood and Iron Bridges" (New Haven, 1821)
* "A Detail of Some Particular Services Performed in America, During the Years 1776, 1777, 1778, and 1779, Compiled from Journals and Original Papers...taken from the Journal Kept on Board of the Ship 'Rainbow' Commanded By Sir George Collier" (New York, 1835)
* "Atlantic Steamships. Ideas and Statements, The Result of Considerable Reflection on the Subject of Navigating the Atlantic Ocean with Steam-Ships of Large Tonnage. Also, the Arrival, Description, and Departure of the Two First British Steam-Ships" (Wiley & Putnam/J. P. Wright, New York, 1838)

References