Stephen Lawrence

Stephen Lawrence (13 September 1974 – 22 April 1993) was a black British teenager from South-East London who was stabbed to death while waiting for a bus on the evening of 22 April, 1993. [cite news | title = Straw Announces Inquiry into Lawrence Murder| publisher = BBC News|date=1997| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/news/07/0731/lawrence.shtml| accessdate = 2008-01-04]

After the initial investigation, five suspects were arrested but never convicted. [cite news |date=2006-07-31| title = Lawrence detective denies claim| publisher = BBC News| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5232372.stm| accessdate = 2008-01-04]

In 1999, an inquiry headed by Sir William MacPherson examined the original Metropolitan police investigation and famously concluded that the force was "institutionally racist". An article on BBC Online defined it as 'one of the most important moments in the modern history of criminal justice in Britain'. [cite news |date=2004-05-05| title = Q&A: Stephen Lawrence murder| publisher = BBC News| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3685733.stm| accessdate = 2008-01-04]

Stephen Lawrence was born to Jamaican parents, Neville and Doreen. At the time of his death he was an A-level sixth form student at secondary school and was hoping to become an architect.

Murder, trials, aftermath

The attack occurred at around 10:30pm on April 22, 1993, as Stephen waited with a friend, Duwayne Brooks, at a bus stop in South-East London.

Mr. Brooks called out to ask whether Stephen saw the bus coming. The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry describes one of the assailants saying: "What, What, Nigger?"cite web | title = The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry|date=1999-02-24| url = http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/cm42/4262/sli-01.htm| accessdate = 2008-01-04] as they all quickly crossed the road and 'engulfed' Lawrence, who was then stabbed to a depth of about five inches on both sides of the front of his body, in the chest and arm. Both stab wounds severed axillary arteries. Although he tried to escape, he collapsed and bled to death after running 119 metres (130 yards).

Witnesses

All three witnesses at the bus stop at the time of the attack said in statements that the attack was sudden and short; none was later able to identify any of the suspects. [ [http://www.dialogueworks.co.uk/newswise/months/feb99/lasen.html The murder of Stephen Lawrence] Dead link|date=January 2008]

In February, 1999, officers who were investigating the handling of the initial inquiry revealed that a woman had telephoned detectives three times within the first few days after the killing. [cite news |date=1999-02-13| title = Police appeal for witness in Stephen Lawrence murder inquiry | publisher = BBC News| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/278943.stm| accessdate = 2008-01-04]

In 2004, the police stated: "The witness who appeared on the right of the scene and walked into Rochester Way with Stephen and Duwayne behind is very important to us. We know who this witness is, she knows who she is, we know what she knows. She has never made a statement. This witness may have been the catalyst for the attack".

A case was brought against two of the suspects, Neil Acourt, then 17, and Luke Knight, who was 16, who were initially charged with murder but the Crown Prosecution Service dropped the case on 29 July, 1993, citing insufficient evidence. [cite web | title = 1997: Lawrence 'killed by racists'| publisher = BBC News| work = On This Day | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/14/newsid_2723000/2723721.stm| accessdate = 2008-01-04]

Private prosecution

In April, 1996, Stephen Lawrence's family initiated a private prosecution against the initial two suspects and three others. When called to the inquest, the men refused to answer questions put by the lawyer for Stephen's family. [cite news |date=1998-03-15| title = Vigil held for Stephen Lawrence| publisher = BBC News| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/65715.stm| accessdate = 2008-01-04] Charges against the original two suspects were dropped before the trial due to lack of evidence, and the three remaining suspects were acquitted at trial when the judge ruled that the identification evidence given by Duwayne Brooks was inadmissible.cite web | title = Stephen Lawrence - timeline of events| publisher = BBC News| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/stephen_lawrence/timeline.htm| accessdate = 2008-01-04]

Newspaper headlines

On February 14, 1997, the "Daily Mail" newspaper labelled all five suspects "murderers", challenging them to sue the newspaper for libel. The headline read "Murderers: The Mail accuses these men of killing. If we are wrong, let them sue us." Underneath this headline appeared pictures of Gary Dobson, Neil Acourt, Jamie Acourt, Luke Knight, and David Norris. [cite web | title = Stephen Lawrence murder| publisher = British Library| url = http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/frontpage/lawrence.html| accessdate = 2008-01-04] To date, the men have not sued, but they have used appearances in the media to protest their innocence. The Attorney General later cleared the "Daily Mail" of contempt of court.

In 2002, two men accused in the Lawrence case, David Norris and Neil Acourt, were convicted and jailed for a racist attack on a plainclothes black police officer. [cite news |date=2002-09-06| title = Lawrence pair jailed for race attack| publisher = BBC News| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2240697.stm| accessdate = 2008-01-04] [ [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/text/article.html?n_article_id=492376&in_page_id=1770&in_main_section=Home&in_sub_section=&in_chn_id=33 Daily Mail] Dead link|date=January 2008]

The Lawrence case spurred changes in English law that would allow future cases to be returned to court and retried, even after an acquittal. In the Criminal Justice Act 2003, introduced by Home Secretary David Blunkett, Parliament abolished a previously strict prohibition against double jeopardy. Retrials are now allowed if there is 'new and compelling evidence'.

No one has been convicted of Stephen Lawrence's murder. The suspected killers, all but one now possessing additional police records, are at large and detailed [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=397812&in_page_id=1770 on the Mail website] .

New evidence

In November 2007, police confirmed that they were investigating new forensic evidence. [cite news | last = Dodd| first = Vikram| coauthor= Hodgson, Martin|date=2007-09-08| title = Lawrence murder: new forensic clue| publisher = "Guardian Online"| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/lawrence/Story/0,,2207231,00.html| accessdate = 2008-01-04]

Legacy

An annual architectural award, the Stephen Lawrence Prize, was established by the Royal Institute of British Architects in Lawrence's memory.

His mother, Doreen Lawrence, said, "I would like Stephen to be remembered as a young man who had a future. He was well loved, and had he been given the chance to survive maybe he would have been the one to bridge the gap between black and white because he didn't distinguish between black or white. He saw people as people."Fact|date=January 2008

In 1999, Nicholas Kent designed and staged a documentary play based on the trial and called "The Colour of Justice" at the Tricycle Theatre. It was later [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0190313/ filmed by the BBC] .

On February 7, 2008, the Stephen Lawrence Centre opened in Deptford, south-east London [ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7230503.stm Stephen Lawrence building opens (BBC News)] ] . A week later, it was vandalised in an attack that was initially believed to be racially motivated. However, doubt was cast on that assumption when CCTV evidence appeared to show one of the suspects to be mixed-race. [ [http://thisislocallondon.co.uk/search/display.var.2048400.0.lawrence_centre_vandalism_suspects.php Lawrence centre vandalism suspects (thisislocallondon)] ] It is believed that this is already the fifth attack on the building. [ [http://www.thelondonpaper.com/cs/Satellite/london/news/article/1157150642356?packedargs=suffix%3DArticleController Attack destroys front of Stephen Lawrence Centre in South London (thelondonpaper)] ] .

Public inquiries into the police investigation

In 1997, Lawrence's surviving family registered a formal complaint with the Police Complaints Authority, which in 1999 exonerated the officers who had worked on the case of allegations of racism. Only one officer, Senior Detective Inspector Ben Bullock, was ordered to face disciplinary charges for neglect of duty. Bullock, who was second in command of the investigation, was later found guilty of failure to properly brief officers and failure to fully investigate an anonymous letter sent to police, but he was acquitted of 11 other charges. Four other officers who would have been charged as a result of the inquiry retired before it concluded.

Bullock retired the day after his punishment was announced, so that it amounted to a mere caution. Neville Lawrence, Stephen's father, criticized the punishment, saying that Bullock was "guilty on all counts." However, a spokesperson for the Metropolitan Police Federation stated that Bullock had been "largely vindicated" in the proceedings. [cite news |date=1999-07-13| title = Lawrence hearing a "whitewash"| publisher = BBC News| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/393790.stm| accessdate = 2008-01-04]

That same year, while the PCA inquiry was ongoing, Home Secretary Jack Straw ordered a public inquiry. During the inquiry, Detective Superintendent Brian Weeden said that mistakes had been made during the murder investigation. Weeden, who was head of the murder squad for 14 months, admitted that until recently he had not understood the legal grounds on which police could make arrests. Results of the inquiry became known as the Macpherson Report, or the Stephen Lawrence Report.

Macpherson Report

Conducted by Sir William Macpherson, the inquiry found that the original Metropolitan Police Service investigation had been incompetent and charged that officers had committed fundamental errors, including failing to give first aid when they reached the scene; failing to follow obvious leads during their investigation; and failing to arrest suspects. The report found that there had been a failure of leadership by senior MPS officers and that recommendations of the 1981 Scarman Report, compiled following race-related riots in Brixton and Toxteth, had been ignored.

The Macpherson Report also found that the police were institutionally racist and made a total of 70 recommendations for reform. These proposals included abolishing the double jeopardy rule and criminalising racist statements made in private. Macpherson also called for reform in the British Civil Service, local governments, the National Health Service, schools, and the judicial system, in order to address issues of institutional racism.

Compensation

On 10 March, 2006, the Metropolitan Police Service announced that it would pay Duwayne Brooks £100,000 as compensation for the manner in which police had handled his complaints about their actions toward him after the murder. [cite news |date=1999-08-23| title = Lawrence friend sues police| publisher = BBC News| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/428210.stm| accessdate = 2008-01-04] [cite news |date=2006-03-10| title = Police payout for Lawrence friend| publisher = BBC News| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4793426.stm| accessdate = 2008-01-04]

Alleged police corruption

On 25 July, 2006, the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) announced it had asked the Metropolitan Police to look into alleged claims of police corruption that may have helped hide the killers of Stephen Lawrence.

A BBC investigation alleged that the murder inquiry's Det. Sgt. John Davidson had taken money from known drug smuggler Clifford Norris, the father of David Norris, a chief suspect in the investigation.cite news |date=2006-07-26| title = Lawrence case 'corruption' probe| publisher = BBC News| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5214644.stm| accessdate = 2008-01-04] Neil Putnam, a former corrupt police detective turned whistleblower, told a BBC investigation that Clifford Norris was paying Mr Davidson to obstruct the case and to protect the suspects. "Davidson told me that he was looking after Norris and that to me meant that he was protecting him, protecting his family against arrest and any conviction," Putnam said. Davidson denied any such corruption.

The Metropolitan Police Service announced it was to open up a special incident room to field calls from the public, following the BBC documentary "The Boys Who Killed Stephen Lawrence". The Independent Police Complaints Commission later stated the claims made in the programme were unfounded. [cite news|date=2007-11-13| title = 'No corruption' in Lawrence case| publisher = BBC News| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7043064.stm| accessdate = 2008-01-04]

On 27 July, 2006, the "Daily Mail" repeated its famous "Murderers" front page. [cite web | last = Raghavan| first = R.K.| title = Dealing with police misconduct| publisher = "Frontline"|date=2004| url = http://www.flonnet.com/fl2103/stories/20040213004411900.htm| accessdate = 2008-01-04]

References

* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/lawrence/ei_case.html Stephen Lawrence case chronology ] , PBS Masterpiece Theatre
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/lawrence/Story/0,,205240,00.html Bullock cautioned as punishment, "The Guardian"]

Bibliography

* Ellis, Dr.Frank, "The Macpherson Report: 'Anti-racist' Hysteria and the Sovietization of the United Kingdom", published by Right Now Press Ltd., London, 2001,(P/B), ISBN 0-9540534-0-0
* Green, David G, (Editor), "Institutional Racism and the Police: Fact or Fiction", published by The Institute for the Study of Civil Society 2000, ISBN 1-903 386-06-3
* Dennis, Norman; Erdos, George; Al-Shahi, Ahmed; "Racist Murder and Pressure Group Politics: The Macpherson Report and the Police", published by The Institute for the Study of Civil Society 2000, ISBN 1-903 386-05-5
* Cathcart, Brian; "The Case of Stephen Lawrence" published by Penguin ISBN 0-14-027905-9

External links

* [http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/cm42/4262/4262.htm Macpherson Report]
* [http://www.blink.org.uk/subsections.asp?grp=14 blink Stephen Lawrence campaign]
* Civitas [http://www.civitas.org.uk/pdf/cs06.pdf "Institutional Racism and The Police — Fact or Fiction?"]
* [http://www.stephenlawrence.org.uk/ Stephen Lawrence Charitable Trust]
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/lawrence/Story/0,,208309,00.html Stephen Lawrence case: Key events following the murder of Stephen Lawrence]

BBC links

* 27 May 1998 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/101484.stm Policeman 'misunderstood law']
* 28 May 1998 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/102339.stm Lawrence probe officer 'met parents a year late']
* 2 June 1998 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/105114.stm 'I'm not corrupt' says Lawrence detective]
* 20 July 1998 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/135941.stm Lawrence parents urge police chief to quit]
* 2 September 1998 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/163398.stm Lawrence five set for 'trial by media']
* 10 February 1999 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/274077.stm Lawrence suspects 'face new charges']
* 10 February 1999 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/276131.stm ITV to screen Lawrence drama]
* 13 February 1999 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/278693.stm Lawrence investigation 'seriously flawed']
* 6 May 2004 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/3690631.stm Stephen Lawrence Interview transcript and video of interview]
* 24 July 2006 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/5211486.stm Lawrence police 'missed chance']
* 13 October 2007 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7043064.stm 'No corruption' in Lawrence case]