Sadao Araki

Infobox Military Person
name= Sadao Araki
lived= 26 May 1877–dda|1966|11|2|1877|5|26
placeofbirth=Komae, Tokyo, Japan
placeofdeath=


caption=General Sadao Araki
nickname=
allegiance=Empire of Japan
branch=
serviceyears=1898 -1945
rank=General
commands=IJA 6th Division
Inspector General of Military Training,
unit=
battles= Russo-Japanese War
Siberian Intervention
Second Sino-Japanese War
World War II
awards=Order of the Sacred Treasures (1st class)
Order of the Golden Kite (2nd class)
Order of the Rising Sun (1st class)
family=
laterwork=Minster of War, Minister of Education

Baron nihongo| Sadao Araki |荒木貞夫|Araki Sadao|extra= 26 May 1877–2 November 1966 was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army before World War II. A charismatic leader and one of the principal nationalist right-wing political theorists in the late Japanese Empire, he was regarded as the leader of the radical faction within the politicized Japanese Army. He later served a Minister of Education during the Konoe and Hiranuma administrations.

Biography

Early career

Araki was born in Komae, Tokyo; his father was an ex-samurai retainer of the Hitotsubashi branch of the Tokugawa family. Araki graduated from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in November 1897; and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in June of the following year.

Promoted to lieutenant in November 1900 and promoted to captain in June 1904, Araki served as company commander of the 1st Imperial Regiment during the Russo-Japanese War.

After the war, Araki returned to graduate from the Army Staff College] at the head of his class. He served on the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff in April 1908, and served as a language officer stationed in Russia from November 1909 to May 1913, when he was made military attaché to Saint Petersburg during World War I. He was promoted to major in July 1918 and was assigned to the Kwantung Army.

Araki served as a Staff Officer at Expeditionary Army Headquarters in Vladivostok during the 1918-19 during the Japanese Siberian Intervention against the Bolshevik Red Army), and was commander of the IJA 23rd Infantry Regiment. During this period in Siberia, Araki carried out secret missions in the Russian Far East and Lake Baikal areas.

Promoted to major general, Araki was made commander of the IJA 8th Infantry Brigade in March 1923. He served as Provost Marshal General from January 1924 until May 1925; whereupon he rejoined the Army General Staff as a Bureau Chief. Araki was promoted to lieutenant general in July 1927 and then became Commandant of the Army War College in August of the next year.

Araki served as commander of the IJA 6th Division 1929-1931, when he was appointed Inspector General of Military Training, one of the most prestigious posts within the Army. He was promoted to the rank of full general in October 1933. [Ammenthorp. The Generals of World War II]

As cabinet minister

Under the cabinet of Prime Minister Tsuyoshi Inukai in December 1931, Araki was appointed to the post of Minister of War. As Army Minister, he supported General Shiro Ishii and his biological warfare research project Unit 731.

Prince Saionji, one of the Emperor's closest and strongest advisors, attempted to stop the military take-over of the government. In a compromise, a naval officer was chosen to become Prime Minister, Admiral Makoto Saito. Araki remained as War Minister in 1932 and immediately began making demands on the new government. Later that month, the Japanese unveiled its new foreign policy, which they dubbed the Japanese Monroe Doctrine "(Hakko Ichiu" and Amau doctrines) that was a blueprint for Japanese expansionism in Asia.

From September 1932 onwards, Araki became more outspoken in promoting totalitarianism, militarism and expansionism. In a 23 September news conference Araki first mentioned the philosophy of "Kodoha" ("The Imperial Way"), which linked the Emperor, the people, land and morality as one indivisible entity, and which emphasized State Shintoism. Araki also strongly promoted the concept of the "Seishin Kyoiku" (spiritual training) for the army.

After serving as a member of the Supreme War Council in 1934, Araki was ennobled with the title of baron ("danshaku") in 1935 under the "kazoku" peerage system. He retired from the military in March 1936, as part of the fallout from the February 26 Incident.

After retirement, Araki was appointed Education Minister, in the cabinet of Konoe Fumimaro in 1937, which placed him in an ideal position to promote his militaristic ideals into the national education system and the general populace. Araki proposed the integration of the "samurai" code in the national education system, himself believing in militaristic education. He promoted the use of the official academic text "Kokutai no Hongi" (Japan's Fundamentals of National Policy) and the "moral national bible" "Shinmin no Michi" ("The Path of Subjects") an effective catechism on nation, religion, cultural, social and ideological topics. Araki continued to serve as Education Minister under Prime Minister Kiichiro Hiranuma.

Political career

In 1924, Araki founded the "Kokuhonsha" (Society for the Foundation of the State), a secret society containing some of the most powerful generals, admirals and civilians dedicated to his the right-wing (and in practical terms fascist) philosophy mixing totalitarianism, militarism, expansionism, and loyalty to the emperor. Araki was also theoretician of the even more radical "Sakurakai" (Cherry Blossom Society) which actively attempted to bring about a 'Showa Reformation' through coups d'état.

As a colonel, Araki was the principal proponent of the "Kodaha" political faction (Imperial Benevolent Rule or Action Group) within the Japanese Army, together with Jinzaburo Mazaki, Heisuke Yanagawa and Hideyoshi Obata. Their opposition was the "Toseiha" (Control Group) led by General Kazushige Ugaki. The "Kodaha" represented the radical and ultranationalist elements within the army; the "Toseiha" attempted to represent the more conservative moderates. These groups had a common intellectual origin in the Double Leaf Society, a 1920s military thinking group, supporting "samurai" ideals.

The groups were later to merge into the Imperial Way Faction ("Kodoha")and incorporated a mixture of right-wing and socialist ideas, particularly those of Kita Ikki and the fascist thinking of Nakano Seigo, of which Araki was a leading member.

In January 1939, Araki became involved in the National Spiritual Mobilization Movement and revitalized it by having it sponsor public rallies, radio programs, printed propaganda and discussion seminars at "tonarigumi" neighborhood associations.

Araki and the “Strike North Group”

Within the Army, Araki was a solid supporter of the "Hokushin-ron" and its proposal to fight against Communism in Soviet Far East and Siberia. Araki was considered a leading expert on the Soviet Union and was fanatically opposed to communism.

An essential first step in the "Hokushin-ron" proposal was for Japan to seize control of Manchuria. Araki was a supporter of the unauthorized studies of China and the preparation of war scenarios by radical junior officer cliques within the Army. Through his connections with the "Sakurakai", Araki intensified efforts to take the government away from civilian control and isolate the Emperor (Shōwa Reformation), and to unite the many secret societies, as well as to put a close confidant, Shigeru Honjo, in as commander of the Kwantung Army.The Kwantung Army had 12,000 men available for the invasion of Manchuria at the time of the Mukden Incident, but needed reinforcements. Araki arranged that another protégé, Chosen Army commander Senjuro Hayashi was briefed to move his forces from Korea north into Manchuria without permission from Tokyo in support of the Kwantung Army.

The plot to seize Manchuria proceed as planned, and when presented by the fait accompli, all Prime Minister Reijiro Wakatsuki could do was weakly protest and resign with his cabinet. When the new cabinet was formed, Araki as War Minister was the real power in Japan.

After 1945

After World War II, Araki was arrested by the American Occupation authorities and brought before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, where he was tried for war crimes. He was sentenced to life imprisonment but was released from Sugamo Prison in 1955 for health reasons. [Maga, Judgment at Tokyo: The Japanese War Crimes Trials] He died 11 years later. His grave is at Tama Cemetery, in Fuchu, Tokyo

References

Books

*cite book
last = Beasley
first = W.G.
year = 2007
title = The Rise of Modern Japan, 3rd Edition: Political, Economic, and Social Change since 1850
publisher = Palgrave Macmillan
location =
id = ISBN 0312233736
*cite book
last = Samuels
first = Richard
authorlink =
year = 2007
title = Securing Japan: Tokyo's Grand Strategy and the Future of East Asia
publisher = Cornell University Press
location =
id = ISBN 0801446120
*cite book
last = Maga
first = Timothy P.
authorlink =
year = 2001
title = Judgment at Tokyo: The Japanese War Crimes Trials
publisher = University Press of Kentucky
location =
id = ISBN 0-8131-2177-9
*cite book
last = Young
first = Louise
authorlink =
year = 2001
title = Japan's Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism (Twentieth Century Japan: the Emergence of a World Power)
publisher = University of California Press
location =
id = ISBN　0520219341

External links

*cite web
last = Ammenthorp
first = Steen
url = http://www.generals.dk/general/Araki/Sadao_Baron/Japan.html
title = Sadao, Araki
work = The Generals of World War II
*cite web
last = National Diet Library
first =
url = http://ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/227.html?c=0
title = Sadao, Araki
work = Portraits of Modern Historical Figures

Notes