Holographic data storage

Holographic data storage is a potential replacement technology in the area of high-capacity data storage currently dominated by magnetic and conventional optical data storage. Magnetic and optical data storage devices rely on individual bits being stored as distinct magnetic or optical changes on the surface of the recording medium. Holographic data storage overcomes this limitation by recording information throughout the volume of the medium and is capable of recording multiple images in the same area utilizing light at different angles.

Additionally, whereas magnetic and optical data storage records information a bit at a time in a linear fashion, holographic storage is capable of recording and reading millions of bits in parallel, enabling data transfer rates greater than those attained by optical storage. [cite web
url=http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/443/ashley.html
title=Holographic data storage.
journal="IBM journal of research and development"
accessdate=2008-04-28]

Recording data

Holographic data storage captures information using an optical inference pattern within a thick, photosensitive optical material. Light from a single laser beam is divided into two separate beams, a reference beam and an object or signal beam; a spatial light modulator is used to encode the object beam with the data for storage. An optical inference pattern results from the crossing of the beams’ paths, creating a chemical and/or physical change in the photosensitive medium; the resulting data is represented in an optical pattern of dark and light pixels. By adjusting the reference beam angle, wavelength, or media position, a multitude of holograms (theoretically, several thousand) can be stored on a single volume. The theoretical limits for the storage density of this technique are approximately tens of terabits (1 terabit = 1024 gigabits, 8 gigabits = 1 gigabyte) per cubic centimeter. In 2006, InPhase technologies published a white paper reporting an achievement of 500 Gb/in². [cite web
url=http://www.inphase-technologies.com/technology/whitepapers.asp?subn=2_3
title="High speed holographic data storage at 500 Gbit/in.²"
accessdate=2008-05-05]

Reading data

The stored data is read through the reproduction of the same reference beam used to create the hologram. The reference beam’s light is focused on the photosensitive material, illuminating the appropriate inference pattern, the light diffracts on the inference pattern, and projects the pattern onto a detector. The detector is capable of reading the data in parallel, over one millions bits at once, resulting in the fast data transfer rate. Files on the holographic drive can be accessed in less than 200 milliseconds. [Robinson, T. (2005, June). The race for space. netWorker. 9,2. Retrieved April 28, 2008 from ACM Digital Library.]

Longevity

Holographic data storage can provide companies a method to preserve and archive information. The write-once, read many (WORM) approach to data storage would ensure content security, preventing the information from being overwritten or modified. Manufacturers believe this technology can provide safe storage for content without degradation for more than 50 years, far exceeding current data storage options. Counterpoints to this claim point out the evolution of data reader technology changes every ten years; therefore, being able to store data for 50-100 years would not matter if you could not read or access it. [Robinson, T. (2005, June). The race for space. netWorker. 9,2. Retrieved April 28, 2008 from ACM Digital Library.]

Terms used

Sensitivity refers to the extent of refractive index modulation produced per unit of exposure. Diffraction efficiency is proportional to the square of the index modulation times the effective thickness.

The dynamic range determines how many holograms may be multiplexed in a single volume data.

Spatial light modulators (SLM) are pixelated input devices (liquid crystal panels), used to imprint the data to be stored on the object beam.

Technical aspects

Like other media, holographic media is divided into write once (where the storage medium undergoes some irreversible change), and rewritable media (where the change is reversible). Rewritable holographic storage can be achieved via the photorefractive effect in crystals:

*Mutually coherent light from two sources creates an interference pattern in the media. These two sources are called the reference beam and the signal beam.
*Where there is constructive interference the light is bright and electrons can be promoted from the valence band to the conduction band of the material (since the light has given the electrons energy to jump the energy gap). The positively charged vacancies they leave are called holes and they must be immobile in rewritable holographic materials. Where there is destructive interference, there is less light and few electrons are promoted.
*Electrons in the conduction band are free to move in the material. They will experience two opposing forces that determine how they move. The first force is the coulomb force between the electrons and the positive holes that they have been promoted from. This force encourages the electrons to stay put or move back to where they came from. The second is the pseudo-force of diffusion that encourages them to move to areas where electrons are less dense. If the coulomb forces are not too strong, the electrons will move into the dark areas.
*Beginning immediately after being promoted, there is a chance that a given electron will recombine with a hole and move back into the valence band. The faster the rate of recombination, the fewer the number of electrons that will have the chance to move into the dark areas. This rate will affect the strength of the hologram.
*After some electrons have moved into the dark areas and recombined with holes there, there is a permanent space charge field between the electrons that moved to the dark spots and the holes in the bright spots. This leads to a change in the index of refraction due to the electro-optic effect.

When the information is to be retrieved or read out from the hologram, only the reference beam is necessary. The beam is sent into the material in exactly the same way as when the hologram was written. As a result of the index changes in the material that were created during writing, the beam splits into two parts. One of these parts recreates the signal beam where the information is stored. Something like a CCD camera can be used to convert this information into a more usable form.

Holograms can theoretically store one bit per cubic block the size of the wavelength of light in writing. For example, light from a helium-neon laser is red, 632.8 nm wavelength light. Using light of this wavelength, perfect holographic storage could store 4 gigabits per cubic millimetre. In practice, the data density would be much lower, for at least four reasons:
* The need to add error-correction
* The need to accommodate imperfections or limitations in the optical system
* Economic payoff (higher densities may cost disproportionately more to achieve)
* Design technique limitations--a problem currently faced in magnetic Hard Drives wherein magnetic domain configuration prevents manufacture of disks that fully utilize the theoretical limits of the technology.

Unlike current storage technologies that record and read one data bit at a time, holographic memory writes and reads data in parallel in a single flash of light. [ [http://www.maxell-usa.com/index.aspx?id=-5;0;158;0&a=read&pid=49 "Maxell Introduces the Future of Optical Storage Media With Holographic Recording Technology", (2005) retrieved Jan 27, 2007] ]

Two-color recording

For two-color holographic recording, the reference and signal beams are fixed to a particular wavelength (green, red or IR) and the sensitizing/gating beam is a separate, shorter wavelength (blue or UV). The sensitizing/gating beam is used to sensitize the material before and during the recording process, while the information is recorded in the crystal via the reference and signal beams. It is shone intermittently on the crystal during the recording process for measuring the diffracted beam intensity. Readout is achieved by illumination with the reference beam alone. Hence the readout beam with a longer wavelength would not be able to excite the recombined electrons from the deep trap centers during readout, as they need the sensitizing light with shorter wavelength to erase them.

Usually, for two-color holographic recording, two different dopants are required to promote trap centers, which belong to transition metal and rare earth elements and are sensitive to certain wavelengths. By using two dopants, more trap centers would be created in the Lithium niobate crystal. Namely a shallow and a deep trap would be created. The concept now is to use the sensitizing light to excite electrons from the deep trap farther from the valence band to the conduction band and then to recombine at the shallow traps nearer to the conduction band. The reference and signal beam would then be used to excite the electrons from the shallow traps back to the deep traps. The information would hence be stored in the deep traps. Reading would be done with the reference beam since the electrons can no longer be excited out of the deep traps by the long wavelength beam.

Effect of annealing

For a doubly doped LiNbO3 crystal there exists an optimum oxidation/reduction state for desired performance. This optimum depends on the doping levels of shallow and deep traps as well as the annealing conditions for the crystal samples. This optimum state generally occurs when 95 – 98% of the deep traps are filled. In a strongly oxidized sample holograms cannot be easily recorded and the diffraction efficiency is very low. This is because the shallow trap is completely empty and the deep trap is also almost devoid of electrons. In a highly reduced sample on the other hand, the deep traps are completely filled and the shallow traps are also partially filled. This results in very good sensitivity (fast recording) and high diffraction efficiency due to the availability of electrons in the shallow traps. However during readout, all the deep traps get filled quickly and the resulting holograms reside in the shallow traps where they are totally erased by further readout. Hence after extensive readout the diffraction efficiency drops to zero and the hologram stored cannot be fixed.

Development and marketing

At the National Association of Broadcasters 2005 (NAB) convention in Las Vegas, InPhase conducted the first public demonstrations of the world’s first prototype of a commercial storage device at the Maxell Corporation of America booth.

The three main companies involved in developing holographic memory, as of 2002, were InPhase, Polaroid spinoff Aprilis, and Optware of Japan.cite web | title=Update: Aprilis Unveils Holographic Disk Media | url=http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,3973,600628,00.asp | date=2002-10-08] Although holographic memory has been discussed since the 1960s, [cite web | url=http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn8370&feedId=online-news_rss20 | title=Holographic-memory discs may put DVDs to shame | date=2005-11-24 | work=New Scientist] and has been touted for near-term commercial application at least since 2001, [cite web | url=http://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/technology/news/article.php/885351 | title=Aprilis to Showcase Holographic Data Technology | date=2001-09-18] it has yet to convince critics that it can find a viable market. [cite web | title=Holographic storage isn't dead yet | author=Sander Olson | date=2002-12-09 | url=http://www.geek.com/news/geeknews/2002Dec/bch20021209017652.htm] As of 2002, planned holographic products did not aim to compete head to head with hard drives, but instead to find a market niche based on virtues such as speed of access.

In the video game market

It is believed that Nintendo will be the first video game console maker to implement holographic data storage due to the recent uncovering of a Joint Research Agreement (a written contract, grant, or cooperative agreement entered into by two or more persons or entities for the performance of experimental, developmental, or research work in the field of the claimed invention) between InPhase and Nintendo.fact|date=August 2008

Nintendo is also mentioned in the patent as a joint applicant: "... disclosure is herein made that the claimed invention was made pursuant to a Joint Research Agreement as defined in 35 U.S.C. 103 (c)(3), that was in effect on or before the date the claimed invention was made, and as a result of activities undertaken within the scope of the Joint Research Agreement, by or on the behalf of Nintendo Co., and InPhase Technologies, Inc." [cite web | title=Miniature Flexure Based Scanners For Angle Multiplexing Patent | author=Inphase Technologies, Inc. (Longmont, CO, US) and Nintendo Co., Ltd. (Kyoto, JP) | date=2008-02-26 | url=http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7336409.html]

It is speculated that this method of storage will be made available in the video game market as early as the near future for the Wii, Nintendo's current home console. [cite web | title=Could Holography Cure Nintendo's Storage Space Blues? | author=Chris Leyton | date=2008-07-30 | url=http://www.totalvideogames.com/news/Could_Holography_Cure_Nintendo&_039;s_Storage_Space_Blues_13579_5386_0.htm]

See also

*Holographic Versatile Card
*Holographic Versatile Disc
*Holographic associative memory
*3D optical data storage
*List of emerging technologies

References

External links

* [http://computer.howstuffworks.com/holographic-memory.htm Howstuffworks]
* [http://sine.ni.com/csol/cds/item/vw/p/id/685/nid/124300 Daewoo Electronics Develops the World’s First Holographic Storage Device]
* [http://www.inphase-technologies.com/technology/default.asp?subn=2_1 Inphase] – First commercial holographic storage
* [http://www.media-tech.net/fileadmin/templates/resources/sc06/mtc06_keynote_day2_hesselink_yuzuru.pdf Comparison of Two Approaches: Page-based and Bit-based HDS]
* [http://www.maxell-usa.com/index.aspx?id=-5;0;246;0&a=read&pid=100 Maxell Holographic Media Press Release]