January Events

The January Events ( _lt. Sausio įvykiai) were a series of events that occurred from January 11–13, 1991, in Vilnius, Lithuania. As a result of Soviet military actions, at least 14 civilians were killed and more than 600 injured.

Background

The Lithuanian Republic declared independence from the Soviet Union on March 11, 1990, and thereafter underwent a difficult period of emergence. Economic and energy shortages undermined public faith in the newly restored state. The inflation rate reached 100% and continued to increase rapidly. The fact that Lithuania had proclaimed independence unilaterally also caused discontent among the minority, who were mostly of Russian descent, who were supporters of the Moscow-backed branch of the Lithuanian Communist Party and the largely communist-dominated "Jedinstvo" Russian-speakers' movement.

Tensions rose sharply in the early days of 1991, when food prices increased and food rationing was introduced. On January 8, the "Jedinstvo" movement responded by organizing an unsanctioned rally in front of the Supreme Council of Lithuania. Protesters tried to storm the parliament building, but were driven away by unarmed security forces using water cannons. Despite a Supreme Council vote the same day to halt price increases, the scale of protests and provocations backed by "Jedinstvo" ("Unity", in Russian) and the Communist Party increased. During his radio and television address, the Speaker of the Supreme Council, Vytautas Landsbergis, called upon independence supporters to gather around and protect the main governmental and infrastructural buildings.

From January 8–9, several special Soviet military units were flown to Lithuania (including the famous counter terrorist Alpha Group and paratroopers of the 76th Airborne Division of the VDV based at Pskov). The official explanation was that this was needed to ensure constitutional order and the effectiveness of laws of the Lithuanian SSR and the Soviet Union.

On January 10, Soviet Union president Mikhail Gorbachev addressed the Supreme Council, demanding restoration of the constitution of the USSR in Lithuania and the revocation of all anti-constitutional laws. He mentioned that military intervention could be possible within days. When Lithuanian officials asked for Moscow's guarantee not to send armed troops, Gorbachev did not reply.

Timeline of events

January 11

In the morning, Speaker of the Supreme Council Vytautas Landsbergis and Prime Minister Albertas Šimėnas were presented with another ultimatum from the "Democratic Congress of Lithuania" demanding that they comply with Gorbachev's request by 15:00 on January 11.

* 11:50 – Soviet military units seize the National Defense Department building in Vilnius.
* 12:00 – Soviet military units surround and seize the Press House building in Vilnius. Soldiers use live ammunition against civilians. Several people are hospitalized, some with bullet wounds.
* 12:15 – Soviet paratroopers seize the regional building of the National Defense Department in Alytus.
* 12:30 – Soviet military units seize the regional building of the National Defense Department in Šiauliai.
* 15:00 – In a press conference held in the building of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania, the head of the Ideological Division Juozas Jermalavičius announces the creation of the "National Salvation Committee of Lithuanian SSR" and that from now on it will be the only legitimate government in Lithuania.
* 16:40 – Minister of Foreign Affairs Algirdas Saudargas sends a diplomatic note to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union in which he expresses his concerns about Soviet army violence in Lithuania.
* 21:00 – Soviet military units seize a TV re-translation center in Nemenčinė.
* 23:00 – Soviet military units seize the dispatcher's office of the Vilnius railway station. Railway traffic is disrupted, but restored several hours later.

January 12

During an overnight session of the Supreme Council, Speaker Vytautas Landsbergis announced that he had tried to call Mikhail Gorbachev three times, but was unsuccessful. Deputy Minister of Defense of the Soviet Union, General Vladislav Achalov, arrived in Lithuania and took control of all military operations. People from all over Lithuania started to encircle the main strategic buildings: the Supreme Council, the Radio and Television Committee, the Vilnius TV Tower and the main telephone exchange.
* 00:30 – Soviet military units seize the base of the Lithuanian SSR Special Purpose Detachment of Police (OMON) in a suburb of Vilnius.
* 04:30 – Soviet military units unsuccessfully try to seize the Police Academy building in Vilnius.
* 11:20 – Armed Soviet soldiers attack a border-line post near Varėna.
* 14:00 – A Soviet military truck collides with a civilian vehicle in Kaunas. One person dies and three are hospitalized with serious injuries.
* 22:00 – A column of Soviet military vehicles is spotted leaving a military base in Vilnius and moving towards the city center. Employees of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania instruct special worker groups (druzhinas) to be ready “for special events.”
* 24:00 – Another column of military vehicles (including tanks and BMPs) is spotted leaving the military base and heading toward the TV tower.

January 13

* 01:25 – Upon arrival in the vicinity of the TV tower, tanks start to fire empty rounds.
* 01:50 – Tanks and soldiers encircle the TV tower. Soldiers fire live ammunition overhead and into civilian crowds gathered around the building. Tanks drive straight through lines of people. Fourteen people are killed in the attack, most of them shot and several crushed by tanks. One Soviet paratrooper (Viktor Shatskikh) is killed by friendly fire. Loudspeakers on several BMPs transmit the voice of Juozas Jermalavičius: "Broliai lietuviai, nacionalistų ir separatistų vyriausybė, kuri priešpastatė save liaudžiai, nuversta. Eikite pas savo tėvus, vaikus!" ("Brother Lithuanians! The nationalist and separatist government which confronted the people has been overthrown! Go [home] to your parents and children!")
* 02:00 – BMPs and tanks surround the Radio and Television Committee building. Soldiers fire live ammunition into the building, over the heads of the civilian crowds. The live television broadcast is terminated. The last pictures transmitted are of a Soviet soldier running toward the camera and switching it off.

*2:30 - A small TV studio from Kaunas came on air unexpectedly. A technician of the family program that usually broadcast from Kaunas once a week, was on the air, calling for anyone who could help to broadcast to the world in as many different languages as possible about the Soviet army and tanks killing unarmed people in Lithuania. Within an hour, the studio was filled with several university professors broadcasting in several languages. The small studio in Kaunas received a threatening phone call from the Soviet army division of Kaunas. By 4 in the morning this studio received the news that a Swedish news station finally saw the broadcast and would be broadcasting the news to the world. The second phone call from the Soviet army division followed shortly, with a commander stating that "they would not try to take over the studio so long as no misinformation is given". This was all broadcast live. The Kaunas TV station was using Sitkūnai Radio Station as retranslator.

Following these two attacks, large crowds (20,000 during the night, more than 50,000 in the morning) of independence supporters gathered around the Supreme Council building. People started building anti-tank barricades and setting up defenses inside surrounding buildings. Provisional chapels were set up inside and outside the Supreme Council building. Members of the crowd prayed, sang and shouted pro-independence slogans. Despite columns of military trucks, BMPs and tanks moving into the vicinity of the Supreme Council, Soviet military forces retreated instead of attacking.

List of victims

In all, thirteen Lithuanians were killed by the Soviet army. An additional civilian died at the scene due to a heart attack, and one Soviet soldier was killed by friendly fire. All victims, except the soldier, were awarded the Order of the Cross of Vytis (the Knight) on January 15, 1991.
# Loreta Asanavičiūtė (b. 1967) - the only female victim. Worked as a seamstress in a factory. Died in hospital after she fell under a tank. Noted for her shy character, she became the most famous victim.
# Virginijus Druskis (b. 1969) - student at Kaunas University of Technology. Was shot in the chest.
# Darius Gerbutavičius (b. 1973) - student at a vocational school. Was shot five times (legs, arms and back).
# Rolandas Jankauskas (b. 1969) - student. He was hit in the face by an explosive device . His mother was a native Russian from Altai Krai.
# Rimantas Juknevičius (b. 1966) - senior at Kaunas University of Technology. He was shot.
# Alvydas Kanapinskas (b. 1952) - worker at a Kėdainiai biochemical factory. He was shot.
# Algimantas Petras Kavoliukas (b. 1939) - butcher at a grocery store. He was wounded by a rubber bullet on January 11, 1991, when he protested against the Soviet troops near the Press House. On January 13th, he was hit by a tank. According to some witnesses, he was the first victim killed that night.
# Vytautas Koncevičius (b. 1941) - shopman. Died in hospital about a month after the attacks. He was born in Siberia, to an exiled Lithuanian family. He was shot.
# Vidas Maciulevičius (b. 1966) - locksmith. Died from bullet wounds to the face, neck and spine.
# Titas Masiulis (b. 1962) - Kaunas resident who was shot in the chest.
# Alvydas Matulka (b. 1955) - Rokiškis resident who died from a heart attack.
# Apolinaras Juozas Povilaitis (b. 1937) - metalworker at an institute. He died from bullet wounds to the heart, right lung, upper arm and thigh.
# Viktor Viktorovich Shatskikh (b. 1961) - Soviet soldier. He died from a ricochet bullet shot by a fellow soldier inside the TV tower.
# Ignas Šimulionis (b. 1973) - high school student, friend of Gerbutavičius. Was shot in the head.
# Vytautas Vaitkus (b. 1943) - plumber at a meat plant. Died from bullet wounds to the chest.

Aftermath

Immediately after the attacks, the Supreme Council issued a letter to the people of the Soviet Union and to the rest of the world denouncing the attacks and calling for foreign governments to recognise that the Soviet Union had committed an act of aggression against a sovereign nation. Following the first news reports from Lithuania, the government of Norway appealed to the United Nations. The government of Poland expressed their solidarity with the people of Lithuania and denounced the actions of the Soviet army.

During the following day, meetings of support took place in many cities (Kiev, Riga, Tallinn).Although occupation and military raids continued for several months following the attacks, there were no large open military encounters after January 13. Strong Western reaction and the actions of Russian democratic forces put the President and the government of the Soviet Union in an awkward position. This influenced future Lithuanian-Russian negotiations and resulted in the signing of a treaty on January 31.

During a visit by the official delegation of Iceland to Lithuania on January 20, Foreign Minister Jón Baldvin Hannibalsson said: "My government is seriously considering the possibility of establishing diplomatic relations with the Republic of Lithuania." Iceland kept its promise, and on February 4, 1991, just three weeks after the attacks, it recognized the Republic of Lithuania as a sovereign independent state, and diplomatic relations were established between the two nations.

These events are considered some of the main factors that led to the overwhelming victory of independence supporters in a referendum on February 9, 1991. (Turnout was 84.73% of registered voters, 90.47% of them voted in favor of the full and total independence of Lithuania.)

Streets in the neighborhood of the TV tower were later renamed after victims of the attack.

See also

* Autumn of Nations
* Sąjūdis
* Vilnius TV Tower
* Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
* Antakalnis Cemetery
* Jeltoqsan

External links

* [http://www.laisve15.lt/ www.laisve15.lt] - portal dedicated to 15th anniversary of massacre.
* [http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter/dba_intra.w5_show?p_r=4073&p_k=2&p_b=4030 www.lrs.lt] - collection of photo, video and other testimonies.
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/13/newsid_4059000/4059959.stm BBC Story]
* [http://www.balticsww.com/heroine.htm Loreta Asanavičiūtė’s Story]