Khufu ship

The reconstructed "solar barge" of Khufu

Model of the solar barge, from the boat museum.

Model of the solar barge with the deck removed, showing the rope stitching that holds the planks together.

The Khufu ship is an intact full-size vessel from Ancient Egypt that was sealed into a pit in the Giza pyramid complex at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza around 2500 BC. The ship was almost certainly built for Khufu (King Cheops), the second pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom of Egypt. Like other buried Ancient Egyptian ships, it was apparently part of the extensive grave goods intended for use in the afterlife, and contained no bodies, unlike northern European ship burials.

History

The Khufu ship is one of the oldest, largest, and best-preserved vessels from antiquity. It measures 43.6 m (143 ft) long and 5.9 m (19.5 ft) wide.

It was thus identified as the world's oldest intact ship and has been described as "a masterpiece of woodcraft" that could sail today if put into water.^[1] However, the vessel may not have been designed for sailing (no rigging) or paddling (no room).

The ship was one of two^[2] rediscovered in 1954 by Kamal el-Mallakh – undisturbed since it was sealed into a pit carved out of the Giza bedrock. It was built largely of Lebanon cedar planking in the "shell-first" construction technique, using unpegged tenons of Christ's thorn. The ship was built with a flat bottom composed of several planks, but no actual keel, with the planks and frames lashed together with Halfah grass, and has been reconstructed from 1,224 pieces which had been laid in a logical, disassembled order in the pit beside the pyramid.^[3] It took years for the boat to be painstakingly reassembled, primarily by the Egyptian Department of Antiquities’ chief restorer, Ahmed Youssef Moustafa (later known as Hag Ahmed Youssef).^[4]

The history and function of the ship are not precisely known. It is of the type known as a "solar barge", a ritual vessel to carry the resurrected king with the sun god Ra across the heavens. However, it bears some signs of having been used in water, and it is possible that the ship was either a funerary "barge" used to carry the king's embalmed body from Memphis to Giza, or even that Khufu himself used it as a "pilgrimage ship" to visit holy places and that it was then buried for him to use in the afterlife.

The Khufu ship has been on display to the public in a specially built museum at the Giza pyramid complex since 1982. Its discovery was described as one of the greatest Ancient Egyptian discoveries in Zahi Hawass's documentary Egypt's Ten Greatest Discoveries.

The ship is housed in the The Khufu Boat Museum, a small modern facility resting alongside the Great Pyramid. The first floor of the museum takes the visitor through visuals, photographs and writings on the process of excavating and restoring the felucca. The ditch where the main felucca was found is incorporated into the museum ground floor design. To see the restored felucca, the visitor must climb a staircase leading to the second floor. Floor to ceiling windows allow for much sunlight and the wooden walkway takes the visitor around the felucca where the visitor can get a close view of its impressive size- 143 feet long (44m) and 19.5 feet wide (6m).^[5]

Other solar ships in Egypt

Several boat pits were found in Ancient Egyptian sites.^[6]

Abu Gorab

A few hundred meters to the north of Abusir, about six miles southwest of Cairo is the sun temple known as Abu Gorab. There lies the ruins of Niuserre's temple, Outside the temple proper and near its southern side, the German expedition also discovered a large building in the shape of a boat. This was a pit, lined with mud bricks which was at one time plastered, whitewashed and colored. This structure was augmented with several other elements made from different materials such as wood. This structure is believed to have been purely symbolic, representing a "solar boat" in which the sun god was supposed to have floated across the heavenly ocean.^[7] (The pit might have contained a boat)

Abu Rawash

Two boats were discovered at Abu Rawash hill M.^[8](2 boats or Ships)^[9] At the complex of Djedefre, Emile Chassinat, between 1900 and 1902, discovered the remains of a funerary settlement and a boat pit^[10][11] The solar boat pit is situated on the east side of the pyramid. It is a ditch 35 meters long cut out of the living limestone. It is destined for the royal boat. The beautiful heads carved into the likeness of Djedefre were found there.^[12]

Abusir

Neferirkare's pyramid at Abusir was the largest structure in the region. Large wooden boats were buried outside the pyramid in its courtyard on the north and south sides. Archaeologists discovered them by their mention in a cache of papyrus found within the mortuary temple, but unfortunately, when the they excavated the southern boat pit, only dust remained of the boat itself.^[13]

Abydos

In 1991 in the desert near the temple of Khentyamentiu near Abydos, archaeologists uncovered the remains of the 14 ships dating back to the early first dynasty (2950-2775 BC), possibly associated with Hor-Aha. These 75-foot-long (23 m) ships are buried side by side and have wooden hulls, rough stone boulders which were used as anchors, and "sewn" wooden planks. Also found within their desert graves were remains of the woven straps that joined the planks, as well as reed bundles that were used to seal seams between planks. The Abydos ships have the honor of being the world’s oldest planked boats.^[9][14] Abydos had at least a dozen boat graves^[15] adjacent to a massive funerary enclosure for the late Dynasty II (ca. 2675 B.C.) Pharaoh Khasekhemwy.^[16][17] Their age should be more than 400 years older than Khufu's (Cheops)^[8] Ships were 25 meters long, 2.5 meters wide and about 0.5 meters deep, seating about 30 rowers. They had narrowing sterns and prows and they were painted.^[18] They are in meaning and function the direct ancestors of the boat recovered at Khufu's Great Pyramid at Giza^[17][19] The ships are possibly associated with King Aha, the first ruler of that dynasty.^[20] The length of the structures varied from nearly 20 to 27m.^[21]

These are the world's most ancient planked hulls. The traditions of hull construction seen in all the excavated vessels continued through the end of the sixth century BC and, with the substitution of nails for mortise-and-tenon joints, into the present. An abandoned freighter, stripped of its internal timbers and left on a small branch of the Nile near Mataria (ancient Heliopolis, north of modern Cairo) provides the first instance of pegged mortise-and-tenon joints in an Egyptian hull. Not all joints were through-fastened, and the pegs, or treenails, may also have fastened frames to the hull, but for this marks a dramatic departure from previous shipbuilding techniques.^[22]

Dahshur

Six boats of Middle Kingdom date were found at Dahshur. They're about 10 m long each.^[8] In 1893 Jaques de Morgan discovered six boats near the Middle Kingdom pyramid of Senwosret III at Dashur.^[23] He made drawings and measurements of only one boat (the White boat) from the cache at Dahshur.^[24]

Excavations conducted in A.D. 1894 and 1895 by French archaeologist Jean-Jacques de Morgan at the funerary complex of Senwosret III on the plain of Dahshur revealed five or six small boats. Today, only four of the "Dahshur boats" can be located with certainty; two are in the United States, one in the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh and one in the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. The remaining two are on display in The Egyptian Museum, Cairo.^[25]

Since their excavation these boats remained relatively inconspicuous until the mid-1980s when a study of the two hulls in the United States was conducted.^[25]

Giza Necropolis

Main article: Giza Necropolis

Khufu

Main article: Great Pyramid of Giza

Seven boat pits have been identified around the Great Pyramid. Five of which belong to the Great Pyramid proper. The other 2 are associated with the pyramid of Hetepheres (GIa) and the pyramid of the Ka (GId). Khufu's boat pits are located on the eastern side of the pyramid (3) and the southern side (2).^[26] In one of the southern boat pits a disassembled wooden barge was discovered in 1954. It has been reconstructed and resides in the boat shaped museum.^[27] In 1987, the western boat pit at the Great Pyramid was examined by a microprobe inserted through a hole drilled into the pit, confirming the presence of a second wooden boat similar to the first. It was originally decided that the second boat should remain in its pit, in conditions which made its preservation near perfect.^[23]

The second solar boat of Khufu is being excavated (2011) and is going to be reconstructed.^[28] Sakuji Yoshimura, a Waseda University professor who is leading the restoration project with Egypt's Antiquities Council, said (June 2011) that scientists discovered that this second ship is inscribed with Khufu's name.

Khafre

Main article: Pyramid of Khafre

Khafre’s pyramid has five pits that once contained funeral boats.^[29] One known boat pit is alongside the east face of Chephren's pyramid^[30] Another two of the covered boat pits of Chephren lie on the east side of the pyramid & covered boat pit lies on the south side of the mortuary temple of Chephren.^[31]

Others

Unas has two boats.^[32]

Archaic boats had been found at Helwan by Z. Saad.^[8] (4 Ships)^[9] In total 4 or 5 boat burials were found at Helwan, 2 at Abu Roash Hill M, and finally others at the northerly Abydos site of the Royal enclosures, near those just found.^[8]

Remains of Old Kingdom boats were found at Tarkhan^[33] (at least one boat)^[18][34]

A 'model estate' and funerary boat was found at Saqqara by W. Emery (in 1957-8; tomb S 3357).^[8] (3 Ships)^[9] At least 3 mud-brick boat graves were associated with First Dynasty rulers and high-ranking officials.^[19]

Forty timbers were found in excavations near the Pyramid of Senusert I in Lisht. They were identified as part of vessel or vessels.^[35]

A mudbrick boat pit has also been found outside Amenemhet’s pyramid perimeter wall.^[36]

Excavation of the remains of seagoing ships at Wadi/Mersa Gawasis, south of Safaga on the Egyptian Red Sea coast, in 2004–05 and 2005–06 provides extensive physical evidence for construction techniques, wood selection, and recycling and re-use practices of the ancient Egyptians. Discoveries at Gawasis prove that common Egyptian river-oriented design and construction techniques were successful both on the Nile and at sea.^[37][38]

See also

• Solar barge
• Ancient Egyptian technology
• Ships preserved in museums

References

1. ^ The Royal Ships of Egyptian Pharaohs
2. ^ "Egypt Excavates Ancient King's 4,500-Year-Old Ship". Fox News. Associated Press. 23 June 2011. http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/06/23/egypt-excavates-4500-year-old-pharaohs-boat/. Retrieved 25 June 2011. "Archaeologists have begun excavating a 4,500-year-old wooden boat found next to the Great Pyramid of Giza, one of Egypt's main tourist attractions, Egypt's top antiquities official said Thursday." 
3. ^ NOVA Online | Mysteries of the Nile | Pharaoh's Boat (Solar Barque)
4. ^ Egypt Solar Barges
5. ^ [1]
6. ^ Vinson, Steve (1994). Egyptian boats and ships. Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire, UK: Shire Publications. ISBN 0-7478-0222-X. 
7. ^ http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/niuserresuntemple.htm
8. ^ ^{a b c d e f} http://xoomer.virgilio.it/francescoraf/hesyra/news.htm
9. ^ ^{a b c d} http://xoomer.virgilio.it/francescoraf/hesyra/helwan.htm Other Solar Boats in Ancient Egypt
10. ^ http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/aburowash.htm
11. ^ http://heritage-key.com/blogs/owenjarus/could-djedefres-pyramid-be-solar-temple-not-according-new-research-baud
12. ^ http://egyptphoto.ncf.ca/Abu%20Rawash%20Boat%20Pit.htm Abu Rawash boat pit
13. ^ http://www.crystalinks.com/pyrnefer.html
14. ^ http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/aboat.htm
15. ^ http://ww2.coastal.edu/cward/Ward%20publication%20files/Ward%202003%20Abydos.pdf
16. ^ http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/abydos/abydosfuneraryenclosures2.html
17. ^ ^{a b} http://www.abc.se/~m10354/mar/abydos.htm
18. ^ ^{a b} http://solarnavigator.net/ancient_egyptian_boat_building.htm
19. ^ ^{a b} http://ww2.coastal.edu/cward/Ward%20publication%20files/Ward%202006.pdf
20. ^ http://www.articlesfactory.com/articles/education/ancient-egyptian-boats.html
21. ^ http://xoomer.virgilio.it/francescoraf/hesyra/Abydos-enclosures.htm
22. ^ http://www.adventurecorps.com/sadana/egyptpotential.html
23. ^ ^{a b} http://www.solarnavigator.net/egyptian_solar_boat.htm
24. ^ http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/8/1/6/6/pages181664/p181664-4.php
25. ^ ^{a b} http://cairodahshur.imrd.org/
26. ^ http://www.ldolphin.org/egypt/egypt1/fig32.jpg
27. ^ http://egyptphoto.ncf.ca/khufu%20boat%20pit.htm
28. ^ http://www.egyptpro.sci.waseda.ac.jp/e-khufu.html
29. ^ http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/utp/the-pyramid-of-khafre
30. ^ http://www.ldolphin.org/egypt/egypt1/index.html
31. ^ http://www.ldolphin.org/egypt/egypt2/index.html
32. ^ http://www.guardians.net/hawass/mortuary1.htm
33. ^ http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/navigation.htm
34. ^ http://www.anthro.fsu.edu/people/faculty/ward/ward2006.pdf
35. ^ http://ww2.coastal.edu/cward/Ward%20publication%20files/Haldane%20[Ward]%201992%20Lisht.pdf
36. ^ http://egyptsites.wordpress.com/2009/02/26/el-lisht-necropolis/
37. ^ http://ww2.coastal.edu/cward/Ward%20publication%20files/Ward%20&%20Zazzaro%202010.pdf
38. ^ http://ww2.coastal.edu/cward/Ward%20publication%20files/Ward%202007.pdf

Further reading

• Nancy Jenkins – The boat beneath the pyramid: King Cheops' royal ship (1980) ISBN 0-03-057061-1
• Paul Lipke – The royal ship of Cheops: a retrospective account of the discovery, restoration and reconstruction. Based on interviews with Hag Ahmed Youssef Moustafa (Oxford: B.A.R., 1984) ISBN 0-86054-293-9
• Björn Landström – Ships of the Pharaohs: 4000 Years of Egyptian Shipbuilding (Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1970) Library of Congress Catalog Card number 73-133207

External links

• [2] The Solar Barque, Nova Online
• Web archive backup: Ships of the World: An Historical Encyclopedia – "Cheops ship"
• The Giza Mapping Project
• A Visitors Perspective of the Khufu Boat Museum

Coordinates: 29°58′41″N 31°08′04″E / 29.97806°N 31.13444°E / 29.97806; 31.13444