Camarina

Camarina is an ancient city of Sicily, situated on the south coast, about 27 kilometers South East of Gela (Terranova). It was founded by Syracuse in 599 BC, but destroyed by the mother city in 552 BC.

The Geloans, however, founded it anew in 461 BC. It seems to have been in general hostile to Syracuse, but, though an ally of Athens in 427 BC, it gave some slight help to Syracuse in 415-413 BC. It was destroyed by the Carthaginians in 405 BC, restored by Timoleon in 339 BC after its abandonment by Dionysiuss order, but in 258 BC fell into the hands of the Romans.

Its complete destruction dates from AD 853. The site of the ancient city is among rapidly shifting sandhills, and the lack of stone in the neighborhood has led to its buildings being used as a quarry even by the inhabitants of Terranova, so that nothing is now visible above ground but a small part of the wall of the temple of Athena and a few foundations of houses; portions of the city wall have been traced by excavation, and the necropolis has been carefully explored.

Just before the Carthiginians razed Camarina in the 5th century BC, the Camarinians were plagued with a mysterious disease. The marsh of Camarina had protected the city from its hostile neighbors to the north. It was suspected that the marsh was the source of the strange illness and the idea of draining the marsh to end the epidemic became popular.(The germ theory of disease was millennia in the future, but some people associated swamps with disease.) The town oracle was consulted. The oracle advised the leaders not to drain the marsh, suggesting the plague would pass with time. But the discontent was widespread and the leaders opted to drain the marsh against the oracle's advice. Once it was dry, there was nothing stopping the Carthiginian army from advancing. They marched across the newly-drained marsh and razed the city, killing every last inhabitant.

The story of the marsh is told by the Roman geographer Strabo and repeated by Carl Sagan in "Pale Blue Dot."