Alu (runic)

"Alu" is a Germanic charm word appearing on numerous runic inscriptions found in Central and Northern Europe dating from between 200 and 800 CE. The word – the most common of the early runic charm wordsMacleod (2006:1009).] – usually appears either alone (such as on the Elgesem runestone) or as part of an apparent formula (such as on the Lindholm "amulet" (DR 261) from Scania, Sweden).

The term "alu" is sometimes abbreviated, encrypted or written with grammatical expansion. The origin and meaning of the word are matters of dispute, though a general agreement exists among scholars that the word either represents amulet magic or is a metaphor (or metonym) for it.Macleod (2006:24).] Usage of the word did not survive long after the Migration Period, possibly as a result of Christianization.Macleod (2006:100-101).]

"Alu" may have lived on beyond this period with an increasing association with ale or beer, appearing in stanzas 7 and 19 of the Old Norse poem "Sigrdrífumál", compiled in the 13th century "Poetic Edda", where knowledge of invocative "ale runes" (Old Norse "ölrúnar") is imparted by the Valkyrie Sigrdrífa.Orchard (1997:5).] Theories have been suggested that the unique term "ealuscerwen" (possibly "pouring away of "alu"), used to describe grief or terror in the epic poem "Beowulf", recorded around the 9th to 11th century, may be directly related.

Etymology

Although the literal meaning of the word "alu" is generally accepted to be "ale", i.e. "intoxicating beverage", researchers have found it necessary to look deeper into the significance of the term. Earlier proposed etymologies for the word sought a connection with Proto-Germanic *aluh "amulet, taboo" from *alh "protect".Simek (1995:16-17).] Cognates in Germanic dialects would include Old English "ealh" "temple", Gothic "alhs" "temple", and Old Norse "alh" "amulet".Fick (1909:21).] Edgar Polomé initially proposed an etymological connection between Germanic "alu" and Hittite "alwanza" "affected by witchcraft", which is in turn connected to Greek "alúõ" "to be beside oneself" and Latvian "aluôt" "to be distraught". This etymology was later proven faulty and subsequently dropped by Polomé, though he continues to suggest that a common semantic denominator connects these words with "alu".Polomé (1995:244-264).]

Theories

Linguistic connections have been proposed between the term and the Proto-Germanic term "*aluþ", meaning "ale", and subsequently the word is sometimes translated as meaning "ale",Flowers (2006:75).] According to Rundata for Windows 2.0] though this linguistic approach has been criticized as having "crucial difficulties". Polomé takes the word to belong to the "technical operative vocabulary" of the Germanic peoples, originally referring to "an ecstatic mental state as transferred to a potent drink" used in religious rituals in Germanic paganism.

Raetian North Etruscan dedicatory votive objects have been discovered featuring "alu" where the term means "dedication". Connections have been proposed between these objects and the term "alu" found on runic inscriptions. Theories have been proposed that the term was loaned into Runic usage from this source.

Inscriptions

Bracteates

The inscription "alu" appears on the following bracteates: G 205, DR BR6, DR BR13, DR BR25, DR BR42, DR BR54, DR BR59, DR BR63A, DR BR67, DR EM85;123, and DR NOR2002;10.

G 205

A gold bracteate (G 205) discovered in Djupbrunns, Hogrän, Stenkumla, Sweden reads simply "Alu" and dates from around 400 CE. The bracteate was discovered in the same location as another gold bracteate (G 204) from a considerably younger date that features the inscription "ek erilaR". Today the bracteate is located in Swedish Museum of National Antiquities, Stockholm, Sweden.

DR BR6

A fragment of a bracteate (DR BR6) discovered in Skydsrup, South Jutland, Denmark bears the term "Alu". The transliteration reads::lauk=az alu lauk=az alu

Which transcripted into Proto-Norse is::"Laukaz alu. Laukaz alu."

The fragment dates from around 400 to 650 CE. Today the bracteate is housed in the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen, Denmark.

DR BR42

A bracteate discovered on the island of Funen, Denmark features incomprehensible and meaningful text. Part of the meaningful text uses the term "alu" and also the term "The High One", a name for Odin.According to the objects display at the National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.] The bracteate is housed with many others at the National Museum of Denmark. The transcription reads::houaz laþu aaduaaaliia a--

DR NOR2002;10

The Uppåkra bracteat (DR NOR2002;10), a C-bracteate found in Uppåkra, Scania, Sweden during a search with a metal detector in 2000. The bracteate bears a Proto-Norse runic inscription. The transliteration reads::sima-ina alu

The bracteate depicts a man's head over a four-legged animal. The A inscription (first part, sima-ina) is placed over the back part of the head, while the B inscription (second part, alu) is placed over the animal's front legs.

The inscription seems to belong to the big group of C-bracteates with more or less comprehensible charm words. [Da icon [http://ariadne.uio.no/runenews/nor_2002/denm01ms.htm#Uppaakra-bract New finds from Denmark and Skåne.] Uppåkra runebrakteat. Linked from Rundata.]

Runestones

Eggja stone

The third panel Elder Futhark inscriptions found on the 7th or 8th CE century Eggja stone discovered on the farm Eggja located in Sogn og Fjordane, Norway is often interpreted as reading "alu".

Elgesem runestone

An inscription reading simply "alu" is found on a stone discovered in a grave mound located by the farm of Elgesem, Vestfold, Norway, in 1870.Looijenga (2003:194).] Page (2005:30)] It is dated to about 400 CE. The stone is 172 centimeters tall and 90 centimeters wide, and the thickness is about 18 centimeters. The inscription is written counter-clockwise and is to be read from the top downwards.Aschehoug og Gyldendals (2005:438).]

Eketorp slate fragment

The Eketorp slate fragment (Öl ACTARC37;211 U) is a runestone that was found in Eketorp, Sweden and features an Elder Futhark inscription in Proto-Norse.

The first line of the inscription reads::... alu k...

The second line of the inscription reads::...gþutþ...

Kinneve stone

The Kinneve stone (Vg 134) is a stone fragment (measures 7,4 x 5,0 x 2,0 cm)Swe icon [http://web.telia.com/~u50102110/ramvg134.html Västra Götalands Runstenar] ] of red soapstone dated to around 600 CE. It was found by chaplain John Lagerblom in 1843 in a graveFact|date=May 2008 on the area of the rectory ("Prästgården") of Kinneve socken, Sweden. The stone is today housed in the collection of the Västergötland museum, Skara, Sweden. The inscription has been read as:

:...siz alu h

siz (siR - the last rune is the *Algiz rune) has by Y. Kodratoff been interpreted as the end of a name, and according to Kodratoff the "h" can represent the *Haglaz rune. Since the fragment was found in a grave,Fact|date=May 2008 the inscription has been theorized as potentially related to a death cult or "mortuary magic"."Runic Inscriptions" by Yves Kodratoff: [http://www.nordic-life.org/nmh/runic.htm] ]

Årstad stone

The Årstad stone is a runestone found in 1855 on the Årstad farm in Rogaland, Norway. It bears 18-20 runes of the Elder Futhark on three lines. The second line reads saralu, [Antonsen (2002:223) ] which is by some scholars split into the words sar and alu. [According to [http://www.runenprojekt.uni-kiel.de/ Runenprojekt Kiel's] entry on interpretations to the Årstad inscription.] Today the stone is housed in the Antiquities Collection at the Museum of Cultural History in Oslo. [No icon Entry on "Årstad-steinen" in [http://www.snl.no/article.html?id=812089 "Aschehoug og Gyldendals Store norske leksikon"] , 4th edition, 2005-07. Retrieved at 01.06.2008.]

Other

The inscription "alu" appears on the following objects:

Nydam Mose

Nydam Arrow

The Nydam Arrow (DR 13) is an arrow discovered in Nydam Mose, South Jutland, Denmark that bears the inscription lua which has been interpreted as a distorted alu.Knirk (2002:644)] It is dated to around 200 to 350 CE. Today the arrow is housed in Museum für Vorgeschichtliche Altertümer in Kiel, Germany.

Nydam arrow shafts

The Nydam arrow shafts (DR MS1995;344 and DR AUD1994;266) are two arrow shafts discovered in Nydam Mose, South Jutland, Denmark that bear the inscriptions la and lua respectively. They have both been interpreted as "alu", but it is not certain. The arrow shafts are dated to around 300 to 350 CE. Today they are housed at the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen.

Nydam axe shaft

The Nydam axe shaft (DR MS1995;341) is a wooden axe shaft discovered in Nydam Mose, South Jutland, Denmark that bears a runic inscription. It is dated to around 300 to 350 CE. Today it is housed at the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen.

Værløse Fibula

A 3rd century silver fibula (DR EM85;123) from Værløse, Zealand, Denmark features a runic inscription on its pinholder that simply reads "alugod" followed by a swastika. The Værløse Fibula is housed at the National Museum of Denmark.

Lindholm "amulet"

The Lindholm "amulet" (DR 261) is a bone piece found in Skåne, dated to the 2nd to 4th centuries. The inscription contains the word "alu".

Cremation urns

Three 5th century cremation urns from Spong Hill, Norfolk, England bear the impression of the term "alu" by "the same runic stamp" in mirror-runes.Hines (2002:189).]

etre Comb

The Setre Comb is a comb from the 6th or early 7th century featuring runic inscriptions. The comb is the subject of an amount of scholarly discourse as most experts accept the reading of the Germanic charm word "alu" and Nanna, though there exists questions as to if "Nanna" is the same figure as the goddess from later attestations.Macleod (2006:24)]

ee also

*Erilaz
*Laukaz

Notes

References

* Aschehoug og Gyldendals (2005). "Store Norske Leksikon". Kunnskapsforlaget. ISBN 82-573-1440-4
* Fick, August/Torp, Alf (1909). "Vergleichendes Worterbuch der Indogermanischen Sprachen: Dritter Teil: Wortschatz der Germanischen Spracheinheit". Vandenhoek und Ruptecht:Göttingen.
* Flowers, Stephen. "How To Do Things With Runes: A Semiotic Approach To Operative Communication" as collected in: Stocklund, Marie. (Chief editor.) (2006) [http://books.google.com/books?id=USIpSluLe10C "Runes And Their Secrets: Studies In Runology"] . Museum Tusculanum Press ISBN 87 635 0428 6
* Hines, John. "Grave Finds With Runic Inscriptions From Great Britain" as collected in Düwel, Klaus. (Editor) (2002) "Runeninschriften ALS Quelle Interdisziplinaerer Forschung: Abhandlungen DES Vierten Internationalen Symposiums Uber Runen Und Runeninschriften in Goettingen VOM 4.-9. August 1995". Walter de Gruyter ISBN 9783110154559
* Knirk, James E. (2002) "Runes: Origin, development of the futhark, functions, applications, and methodological considerations" in " [http://books.google.com/books?id=P6bMn9c6musC The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages (Bandle, Oscar Ed.)] ". Berlin, New York:de Gruyter (2002). ISBN 3 110 14876 5
* Krause, Wolfgang (1932), referenced in Simek, Rudolf (1995) "Lexikon der germanischen Mythologie". 2., Auflage. Stuttgart: Kröner 1995. ISBN 3 520 36802 1
* Looijenga, Tineke (2003). [http://books.google.com/books?id=-edm1fMPbXwC "Texts & Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions"] . BRILL ISBN 9004123962
* Macleod, Mindy. Mees, Bernard (2006). [http://books.google.com/books?id=hx7UigqsTKoC "Runic Amulets and Magic Objects"] . Boydell Press ISBN 1843832054
* Orchard, Andy (1997). "Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend". Cassell. ISBN 0 304 34520 2
* Page, R.I. (2005). "Runes". The British Museum Press ISBN 0-7141-8065-3
* Polomé, Edgar C. (1995). "Diachronic stratification of the Germanic vocabulary" in [http://books.google.com/books?id=8QX50Vddm-gC "Insights in Germanic Linguistics"] . (Ed.: Rauch, Irmengard). de Gruyter: Berlin, New York. ISBN 3 110 14359 3