Caries vaccine

A caries vaccine is a vaccine to prevent and protect against tooth decay. [ [http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/Research/ResearchPriorities/ExpertPanelsOnScientificOpportunities/PanelOnCariesVacine.htm Panel on Caries Vaccine] . National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research of the National Institute of Health, January 28, 2003. Page accessed April 14, 2008.]

"Streptococcus mutans" ("S. mutans") has been identified as the major etiological agent of human dental caries.

Several types of vaccines are being developed at research centers.

Development of a vaccine for tooth decay has been under investigation for more than 30 years. In 1972 a caries vaccine was said to be in animal testing in England, and that it would have begun human testing soon. [cite web|url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/pagerender.fcgi?artid=1648396&pageindex=4#page|title=Dental caries|author=W.H. Bowen|journal=Arch Dis Child|year=1972|volume=47|issue=256|page=852 "(accessible at PubMedCentral)"] No such vaccine is commercially available as of July 2008.

Attempts using Antibodies

Early attempts followed a traditional approach to vaccination where normal "S. mutans" was introduced to promote a reaction from the immune system, stimulating antibody production [ [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=414936 Effects of Local Immunization with Streptococcus mutans on Induction of Salivary Immunoglobulin A Antibody and Experimental Dental Caries in Rats] . Infect Immun. 1974 June; 9(6): 1079-1091. Page accessed Oct 7, 2007.] .

The corporation Planet Biotechnology has developed a synthetic antibody against "S. mutans", branded CaroRx, which it produces using transgenic tobacco plants. This product may be considered a therapeutic vaccine, applied once every several months, and is in Phase II clinical trials as of Oct 2007. [ cite web |url=http://www.planetbiotechnology.com/products.html |title=Planet Biotechnology:Products |publisher=Planet Biotechnology]

Attempts using Replacement Therapy

On a different line of research, Dr. Jeffrey D. Hillman has developed a genetically-modified strain of "Streptococcus mutans". The new strain, called BCS3-L1, is incapable of producing lactic acid, which dissolves tooth enamel, and aggressively replaces native flora. In laboratory tests, rats who were given BCS3-L1 were conferred with a lifetime of protection against "S. mutans"" [http://www.oragenics.com/product_replacement.php Replacement Theraphy] ." " [http://www.oragenics.com/ Oragenics] ." Retrieved on August 17, 2007.] . BCS3-L1 colonizes the mouth and produces a small amount of a lantibiotic, called MU1140, which allows it to out-compete "S. mutans". [Hillman, JD. Genetically modified Streptococcus mutans for the prevention of dental caries. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2002;82:361-366.]

Hillman suggests that treatment with BCS3-L1 in humans could also provide a lifetime of protection, or, at worst, require occasional re-applications. He figures the treatment would be available in dentists' offices and "will probably cost less than $100." [cite web |url=http://www.healthmantra.com/ypb/jan2002/caries.htm |title=Genetically modified bacteria may prevent caries |publisher=HealthMantra |accessdate=2006-12-18] FDA Phase Ib clinical trials are to be held in 2008. [" [http://www.oragenics.com/announce.php?subaction=showfull&id=1197012316&archive=&start_from=&ucat=2& Oragenics, Inc. Selects Qualia Clinical Services to Conduct SMaRT™ Phase 1 Trial] ." " [http://www.oragenics.com/ Oragenics] ." Retrieved on June 17, 2008.] The product is being developed at Oragenics under license from the University of Florida.

The prospect of introducing genetically modified organisms into the human body's flora has raised muted concerns that have required additional study to address, including the prospect that BCS3-L1 might be more harmful than native "S. mutans" as a causative agent of inflammatory heart disease [ [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Wash+that+mouth+out+with+bacteria!-a061793406 Wash that mouth out with bacteria!] Science News, March 18, 2000.] . Whether this concern is among the open issues being investigated by Oragenics and the F.D.A. is not a subject open to public scrutiny [ [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/30/health/30tooth.html?pagewanted=all Bacteria Enlisted for New Trials on Dental Health] New York Times November 30, 2004.] .

Another approach is being pursued by BASF, focused on replacing native lactobacillus flora with a variety dubbed "L. anti-caries", which prevents "S. mutans" from binding to enamel [ [http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v201/n5/full/4814014a.html Chewing gum with added bite] British Dental Journal (2006); 201, 255. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4814014.] . However, it is not a long-term vaccination in that no attempt is being made to have a self-sustaining population of "L. anti-caries". The intent is that the "L. anti-caries" population would be frequently replenished through use of a chewing gum containing the organism.

References