Hwaseong Fortress

Infobox World Heritage Site


imagecaption= Hwaseong Fortress
WHS = Hwaseong Fortress
State Party = flagicon|South Korea Republic of Korea
Type = Cultural
Criteria = ii, iii
ID = 817
Region = Asia-Pacific
Year = 1997
Session = 21st
Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/817Infobox Korean name
color=#eee
hangul=화성
hanja=
rr=Hwaseong
mr=Hwasŏng

Hwaseong ("Brilliant Fortress") is located in Suwon, South Korea, 30 kilometers from Seoul. It was built from 1794 to 1796. King Jeongjo constructed the fortress complex to honor and house the remains of his father Prince Sado who was forced to commit suicide by being shut in a rice chest by King Yeongjo.

The fortress was designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage site in 1997.

Architecture

The architecture of the fortress combines traditional Eastern and Western styles, which makes it very distinctive from other Korean Fortress(Or castle).

Four gates

The fortress has four gates, "Hwaseomun" (west gate), "Janganmun" (north), "Paldalmun" (south) and Changnyongmun (east). The Janganmun and Paldalmun gates are the larger of the four main gates and resemble Seoul's Namdaemun in roof design, and stone and wood work.(Janganmun is bigger than Namdaemun. Janganmun is the most enormous gate in Korea.) Paldalmun was burned down during the Korean War and was reconstructed in 1975. Janganmun survived destruction and is from the original construction of the fortress. Both the north and south gates are topped with two-story wooden pavilions while Hwaseomun and Changyongmun, the west gate and east gate respectively, had one story pavilions. The north gate's grand design reflected King Jeongjo's desire to move the capital to Suwon. The four main gates are encircled by miniature fortresses which housed guards to protect the gates.

Wall

The wall is 5.74 kilometers in length and four to six meters high, originally enclosing 1.3 square kilometres of land. On flat terrain the wall was generally built higher than wall that was on mountainous terrain, an incorporation of terrain into the fortress defenses which was rare in China and Japan. The parapets are made of stone and brick, like most of the fortress, and were 1.2 meters in height.

Although the southern section has not been restored, the three-quarters that remains is well maintained and can be hiked on foot.

Wall structures

Originally, there were 48 facilities along the wall of the fortress but seven of them have been lost to flooding, wars, or wear. The fortress features a floodgate, four secret gates, four guard platforms, two observation towers, two command posts, two archer's platforms, five firearms bastions, five sentry towers, four angle towers, a beacon tower and nine bastions.

There were three watchtowers but only two remain, both three-stories with distinctive wooden pavilions on top and embrasures for guns and lookouts. The beacon tower had five chimneys to make different signals with smoke or fire. When one was lit it signaled peace, two meant the enemy had been spoted, three meant the enemy was approaching, four meant the enemy had made it into the city, and five signals lit meant that the fighting had begun.

History

Hwaseong Fortress was built over two and a half years, from 1794 to 1796. The architect was Jeong Yak-yong, who would later become a famous leader of the Silhak movement. Silhak, which means practical learning, encouraged the use of science and industry and Jeong incorporated fortress designs from Korea, China, and Japan and scientific knowledge into his plans. Adoption of brick as a building material for the fortress and the use of efficient pulleys and cranes also were the result of the influence of Silhak.

The fortress was also a response to the collapse of the Korean front line during Hideyoshi's Invasions of Korea. At the time, the dominant Korean fortress-building model was to make a simple wall for the city or town and a separate mountain fortress for the people to evacuate to in times of war. However, this fortress was built to include elements of a wall, defensive fortress, and town center. The four main gates were used as the gates for the town. The arrow-launching platforms built along ramparts with crenelleted parapets and battlements were elements of the fortress while the wall also held secret gates for offensive actions.

The fortress took 700,000 man-hours to build and cost the national treasury 870,000 "nyang", the currency at the time, and 1,500 sacks of rice to pay the workers. In the past, government works were built with corvée labor, but in this case workers were paid by the government, a sign of Silhak influence.

King Jeongjo apparently built this fortress to prepare for a move of the capital from Seoul to Suwon. Suwon is strategically positioned to connect Seoul with the Yellow Sea and China. The king wanted to leave the fracticious strife of the court to carry out reforms and believed that Suwon had the potential to grow into a new and prosperous capital. To encourage growth, he ordered people to move to Suwon at considerable expense and exempted them from taxes for ten years. King Jeongjo also ordered public works, like educational facilities, for the city.

A white paper "Hwaseong Seong-yeokuigwe" (Records of Hwaseong Fortress Construction) was published in 1800, shortly after Jeongjo died. It was ten volumes and proved invaluable for the reconstruction effort in 1970 after the fortress had been severely damaged during the Korean War. The volumes were divided by subject. The first volume was about the plans for building, such as the drawing details and list of supervisors. The next six volumes detail the actual implementation of the building, such as the royal orders and records of the wages of the workers. The final three volumes are supplements and detail the construction of an adjoining palace. The manpower was divided by specialty, such as overseers and stone masons and manual labor. The records detail the amount of materials used as well.

Gallery

Arson

On May 1, 2006, an arsonist attacked Hwaseong, damaging Sojangdae watchtower. The arsonist reportedly caused the fire by lighting his clothes and underwear with a cigarette lighter. The fire caused about ₩6 billion in damage (about $6 million), destroying the upper floor of the watchtower.(Reconstructed in present(2007).) The same building was destroyed by fire in 1996, and had undergone restoration since then.

ee also

* Castles in Korea
* Yeongjo of Joseon
* Prince Sado
* Jeongjo of Joseon

References

* [http://www.ocp.go.kr/english/treasure/dom_wha.html Korean Cultural Heritage Site]

External links

* [http://ehs.suwon.ne.kr/asp/01/01.asp Official Site]
* [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/817 UNESCO Hwaseong Fortress Site]
* [http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/suwon/HWASEONG.htm Asian Historical Architecture profile of Hwaseong fortress]