Antoine Chanzy

Infobox Military Person
name=Antoine Chanzy
lived=18 March, 1823–4 January, 1883
placeofbirth=Nouart, France
placeofdeath=Châlons-en-Champagne, France


caption=Antoine Alfred Eugène Chanzy
nickname=
allegiance=
branch=French Army
serviceyears=1843-1883
rank= General de division
commands=
battles=Franco-Austrian War
Franco-Prussian War
awards=Grand cross of the Légion d'honneur
Médaille militaire
laterwork=
portrayedby=

Antoine Eugène Alfred Chanzy (18 March 1823 - 4 January 1883) was a French general notable for his successes in the Franco-Prussian War, and as a governor of Algeria.

Biography

Born in Nouart in the department of (Ardennes), France, the son of a cavalry officer, Chanzy was educated at the naval school at Brest, but enlisted in the artillery, and, subsequently passing through Saint Cyr, was commissioned in the "Zouaves" in 1843. He saw a good deal of fighting in Algeria, and was promoted lieutenant in 1848, and to captain in 1851. He became "chef de bataillon" in 1856, and served in the Second Italian War of Independence, being present at Magenta and Solferino. He took part in the Syrian campaign of 1860-61 as a lieutenant-colonel; and as colonel commanded the 45th Regiment at Rome in 1864. He returned to Algeria as general of brigade, assisted to quell the Arab insurrection, and commanded the subdivisions of Bel Abbes and Tlemçen in 1868.

Although Chanzy had acquired a good professional reputation, he was in bad odour at the war office because of suspected contributions to the press, and at the outbreak of the war with Prussia, he was curtly refused a brigade command. After the revolution, however, the government of national defence called him from Algeria, made him a general of division, and gave him command of the XVI Corps of the Army of the Loire.

The Loire army won the greatest success of the French during the whole war at Coulmiers, and followed this up with another victorious action at Patay; in both engagements General Chanzy's corps took the most brilliant part. After the Second Battle of Orléans (1870) and the separation of the two wings of the French army, Chanzy was appointed to command that in the west, designated the second army of the Loire. His enemies, Grand Duke Friedrich Franz II of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia, and General von der Tann, all regarded Chanzy as their most formidable opponent.

As Gambetta was the soul, Chanzy was the strong right arm of French resistance to the invader. Chanzy displayed conspicuous moral courage and constancy, not less than technical skill, in the fighting from Beaugency to the Loire. Nevertheless his army of badly armed conscripts suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Le Mans in January 1871. Chanzy successfully retired to Laval behind the Mayenne but his forces had been severely depleted.

He was made a grand officer of the Legion of Honour, and was elected to the National Assembly. At the outbreak of the Commune, Chanzy, then in Paris, fell into the hands of the insurgents, by whom he was forced to give his parole not to serve against them. It was said that he would otherwise have been appointed instead of MacMahon to command the army of Versailles. A ransom of £40,000 was also paid by the government for him.

In 1872, Chanzy became a member of the committee of defence and commander of the VII Corps, and in 1873 was appointed governor of Algeria, where he remained for six years. In 1875, he was elected a life senator, in 1878 received the grand cross of the Legion of Honour, and in 1879, without his consent, was nominated for the presidency of the republic, receiving a third of the total votes.

For two years Chanzy was ambassador at Saint Petersburg, during which time he received many tokens of respect, not only from the Russians, but also from the German emperor, William I, and Prince Bismarck. He died suddenly, while commanding the VI Corps (stationed nearest to the German frontier), at Châlons-sur-Marne, only a few days after Gambetta, and his remains received a state funeral.

Chanzy was the author of "La Deuxième Armée de la Loire" (1872). Statues of General Chanzy have been erected at Nouart and Le Mans.

References

*1911