Latrotoxin

A latrotoxin is a high-molecular mass neurotoxin found in the venom of Latrodectus spiders (commonly known as widow spiders). Latrotoxin are the main active components of the venom and are responsible for the symptoms of latrodectism.

The following latrotoxins have been described: five insecticidal toxins, termed α, β, γ, δ and ε-latroinsectotoxins, one vertebrate-specific neurotoxin, α-latrotoxin, and one toxin affecting crustaceans, α-latrocrustatoxin. [cite journal |author=Grishin EV |title=Black widow spider toxins: the present and the future |journal=Toxicon |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=1693–701 |year=1998 |month=November |pmid=9792186 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0041-0101(98)00162-7]

α-Latrotoxin

The best-studied latrotoxin is α-latrotoxin, which acts presynaptically to release neurotransmitters from sensory and motor neurons, as well as on endocrine cells (to release insulin, for example). [cite journal |author=Südhof TC |title=alpha-Latrotoxin and its receptors: neurexins and CIRL/latrophilins |journal=Annu. Rev. Neurosci. |volume=24 |issue= |pages=933–62 |year=2001 |pmid=11520923 |doi=10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.933 |url=http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.933?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dncbi.nlm.nih.gov] It is a ~130 kDa protein which exists mainly in its dimerized or tetramerized forms.

Latroinsectotoxins

The natural prey of widow spiders are insects, and several insectotoxins are found in its venom. However, relatively little is known about them. Fact|date=July 2008

The latroinsectotoxins appear to have similar structures.cite journal |author=Rohou A, Nield J, Ushkaryov YA |title=Insecticidal toxins from black widow spider venom |journal=Toxicon |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=531–49 |year=2007 |month=March |pmid=17210168 |doi=10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.11.021 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0041-0101(06)00432-6]

Other venom components

Apart from the high molecular weight latrotoxins described above, Latrodectus venom also contains low molecular weight proteinscite journal |author=Gasparini S, Kiyatkin N, Drevet P, "et al" |title=The low molecular weight protein which co-purifies with alpha-latrotoxin is structurally related to crustacean hyperglycemic hormones |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=269 |issue=31 |pages=19803–9 |year=1994 |month=August |pmid=8051061 |doi= |url=http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8051061] whose function has not been explored fully yet, but may be involved in facilitating membrane insertion of latrotoxins. Fact|date=July 2008

ee also

* Black widow spider
* Toxin

References