Lockheed Constellation

infobox Aircraft
name = Constellation Super Constellation C-69 / C-121



caption =A Qantas Empire Airways L-749 Constellation.
type = Airliner
manufacturer = Lockheed
designer =
first flight =January 9, 1943
introduced = 1943 with USAAF 1945 with TWA
retired = 1967, airline service 1978, military
primary user = Trans World Airlines
more users= United States Army Air Forces
produced = 1943–1958
number built =856
variants with their own articles = EC-121 Warning Star

The Lockheed Constellation, affectionately known as the “Connie”, was a four-engine propeller-driven airliner built by Lockheed between 1943 and 1958 at its Burbank, California, USA, facility. A total of 856 aircraft were produced in four models, all distinguished by a distinctive triple-tail design and graceful, dolphin-shaped fuselage. It was used as both a civilian airliner and U.S. military air transport plane, seeing service in the Berlin Airlift and as the presidential aircraft for U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Design and development

Initial design studies

Since 1937, Lockheed had been working on the L-044 Excalibur, a four-engine pressurized airliner. In 1939, Trans World Airlines, at the encouragement of major stockholder Howard Hughes, requested a 40-passenger transcontinental airliner with 3,500 mile (5,630 km) rangeTaylor 1993, pp. 606–607.] - well beyond the capabilities of the limited Excalibur design. TWA's requirements led to the L-049 Constellation, designed by such Lockheed engineers as Kelly Johnson and Hall Hibbard.Yenne 1987, pp. 44–46.] Willis Hawkins, another Lockheed engineer, maintains that the Excalibur program was purely a cover for the Constellation.Boyne 1998, pp. 135–137.]

Development of the Constellation

The Constellation's wing was effectively the same as that of the P-38 Lightning, differing only in scale.Johnson, Clarence L. "Kelly". "Kelly: More Than My Share of it All." Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 1985. ISBN 0-87474-491-1.] The distinctive triple tail kept the aircraft's overall height low enough so that it could fit in existing hangars, while new features included hydraulically-boosted controls and a thermal de-icing system used on wing and tail leading edges. The new plane could achieve top speeds of over 340 miles per hour, a cruise speed of 300 mph, and a service ceiling of 24,000 feet. [http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=465]

Rumors persist that Hughes himself was influential in the design of the Constellation, but these are untrue. His only input was suggestions on the required performance and cockpit layout. He left the rest of the design work to Lockheed.

Operational history

World War II

With the onset of World War II, the TWA aircraft entering production were converted to an order for C-69 Constellation military transport aircraft, with 202 aircraft intended for the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). The first prototype (civil registration NX25600) flew on 9 January, 1943, a simple ferry hop from Burbank to Muroc Field for testing. Eddie Allen, on loan from Boeing, flew left seat, with Lockheed's own Milo Burcham as copilot. Rudy Thoren and Kelly Johnson were also on board.

Lockheed also proposed its model L-249 which was to be a long range bomber. It received the military designation XB-30 but the aircraft was never developed or built. A plan for a very long-range troop transport, the C-69B, was cancelled. A single C-69C, a 43-seat VIP transport, was built in 1945 at the Lockheed-Burbank plant.

The C-69 was largely used as a high-speed, long-distance troop transport during the war. [Pace, Steve, "X-Planes: Pushing the Envelope of Flight", Zenith Imprint (2003) ISBN 0760315841, 9780760315842, p. 17] Only 22 C-69s were completed before the end of hostilities, and not all of those entered military service. The USAAF cancelled the remainder of the order in 1945.

Postwar Use

After World War II, the Constellation soon came into its own as a popular, fast, civilian airliner. Aircraft already in production for the USAAF as C-69 transports were finished as civilian airliners, with TWA receiving the first on 1 October, 1945. The first transatlantic proving flight departed Washington, DC on 3 December, 1945, arriving in Paris on 4 December, via Gander and Shannon.

Trans World Airlines opened post-war commercial intercontinental air service on 6 February, 1946, with a New York-Paris flight in a Constellation. On 17 June, 1947, Pan American World Airways opened the first ever regularly-scheduled around-the-world service with their L749 "Clipper America". The famous flight Pan Am 101 remained in service for over 40 years.

As the first pressurized airliner in widespread use, the Constellation helped to usher in affordable and comfortable air travel for the masses. Some of the more famous operators of Constellations were TWA, Eastern Air Lines, Pan American World Airways, Air France, BOAC, KLM, Qantas, Lufthansa, Iberia Airlines, Panair do Brasil, TAP Portugal, Trans-Canada Airlines (later renamed Air Canada), Aer Lingus and VARIG.

Initial difficulties

The Constellation suffered three accidents in the first ten months of airline service, temporarily curtailing its career as a passenger airliner. "The Star of Lisbon." "Time", 22 June, 1946.] On 18 June, 1946, the engine of a Pan American aircraft caught fire and fell off. The flight crew was able to make an emergency landing with no loss of life. However, on 11 July, of the same year a Transcontinental and Western Air aircraft fell victim to an inflight fire, crashing in a field and taking the lives of five of the six on board. The accidents prompted the suspension of the Constellation's airworthiness certificate until Lockheed could modify the design to avoid repeats of the problems. This was dramatized in the motion picture "The Aviator" (2004) during the scene where Howard Hughes (played by Leonardo DiCaprio) surveys numerous grounded TWA Constellations.

The Constellation proved prone to engine failures (due to her R3350s), earning the nickname "World's Finest Trimotor" in some circles. [Stringfellow and Bowers 1992, p. 120 caption.]

Records

Sleek and powerful, Constellations set a number of records. On 17 April, 1944, the second production L049, piloted by Howard Hughes and TWA president Jack Frye flew from Burbank, California to Washington, D.C. in 6 hours and 57 minutes ("c". 2,300 miles at an average 330.9 mph). On the return trip, the aircraft stopped at Wright Field to give Orville Wright his last plane flight, more than 40 years after his historic first flight. He commented that the Constellation's wingspan was longer than the distance of his first flight.

On 29 September, 1957, an L1649A Starliner flew from Los Angeles to London in 18 hours and 32 minutes (approximately 5,420 miles at 292.4 mph). The L1649A still holds the record for the longest-duration non-stop passenger flight — during TWA's inaugural London to San Francisco flight on 1–2 October 1957, the aircraft stayed aloft for a remarkable 23 hours and 19 minutes (approximately 5,350 miles at 229.4 mph)

Obsolescence

The advent of jet airliners, with the de Havilland Comet, Boeing 707, Douglas DC-8 and Convair 880, rendered the piston-engined Constellation obsolete. The first routes lost to jets were the long overseas routes, but Constellations continued to fly domestic routes. The last scheduled passenger flight of a four-engined piston-engined airliner in the United States was made by a TWA L749 on 11 May, 1967 from Philadelphia to Kansas City, MO.Germain 1998, p. 89.] However, Constellations remained in freight service for years to come, and were the mainstay of Eastern Airlines' popular shuttle service between New York, Washington, and Boston until 1978.

With the shutdown of Constellation production, Lockheed elected not to develop a first-generation jetliner, instead sticking to its lucrative military business and production of the modest turboprop-powered Lockheed L-188 Electra airliner. Lockheed would not build a large civil passenger aircraft again until its L-1011 Tristar debuted in 1972. While a technological marvel, the L-1011 was a commercial failure for Lockheed, and Lockheed left the commercial airliner business for good in 1983.

Variants

The Constellation was produced in both civil and military versions. The initial military versions carried the Lockheed designation of L-049; as World War II came to a close, some were completed as civil L-049 Constellations. The first purpose-built passenger Constellation was the more powerful L-649, followed by the L-1049 Super Constellation and L-1649 Starliner. Military versions included the C-69 and C-121 for the Army Air Forces/Air Force and the R7O R7V-1 WV-1 (L-1049G) WV-2 (L-1049H) (famously Willie Victor) and many variant EC-121 designations for the Navy [Swanborough, Gordon and Bowers, Peter M. "United States Navy Aircraft Since 1911". Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1976. ISBN 0-87021-968-5.] [Fahey, James C. "The Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet, volumes 1-4, 1939-45". Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1965.]

Operators

Constellations were used by dozens of airlines and air forces around the world. After TWA's initial order was filled following World War II, customers rapidly accumulated, with over 800 aircraft built. In military service, the US Navy and Air Force operated the EC-121 Warning Star variant until 1978, nearly 40 years after work on the L-049 began. Pakistan International Airlines was the first airline from an Asian country to fly the Super Constellation.

urvivors

* The National Air and Space Museum has a Super Constellation on display at the Udvar-Hazy Center at Dulles Airport in Virginia. This aircraft flew as an Air Force C-121C and is painted in the colors of the Air National Guard.
* Two Constellations, the VC-121E "Columbine III", used as Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidential aircraft, and an EC-121 Warning Star are fully restored and on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio. Several former Air Force One craft are on display at the Pima Air Museum, Tucson, used by President Eisenhower and his successors. [ [http://hilltoplancers.org:16080/photos/summer06pima/large-53.html Pima Museum] iCrew Digital Productions, 2006.]
* A military C-121A (Bataan) is on display at Planes of Fame in Valle, Arizona. This plane is in flying condition.
*Swiss watch manufacturer Breitling has sponsored a restoration of a Constellation that is based in Basle and has since been featured in its ads. [ [http://www.conniesurvivors.com/1-breitling_super_connie.htm Super Connie] ]
* The Historical Aircraft Restoration Society (HARS) secured and restored a former USAF C-121C Super Constellation (54-0157). The aircraft was subsequently painted in pseudo-QANTAS livery (with the usual QANTAS lettering along the fuselage replaced with the word "CONNIE") and registered in Australia as VH-EAG. The aircraft is currently based in Wollongong. [ [http://www.hars.org.au/fleet/constellation/index.html Historical Aircraft Restoration Society Super Constellation] ]
* An L-1049H Constellation that was built originally for cargo carrier Slick Airways was restored in 1986 by the Save-a-Connie, Inc. organization in Kansas City, Missouri, now known as the Airline History Museum, and repainted in the 1950s livery of TWA to resemble its original "Star of America" Constellation. [ [http://www.airlinehistorymuseum.com/ Airline History Museum at Kansas City] ] The aircraft appeared at New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport at the original TWA terminal designed by Eero Saarinen to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the airline. With the paint job said to have been donated by retired TWA workers in Kansas City, the "Star of America" continues to appear at air shows and was even used in "The Aviator", the 2004 film depicting the life of TWA's one-time owner Howard Hughes, the man often credited with helping design and develop the original Constellation series. As of 2008, the Airline History Museum has come into financial difficulties. With the Connie grounded for two years and due for engine overhaul, her future remains uncertain.
* One Super Constellation is parked on an unused runway in the Rafael Hernández Airport in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico. It was struck by a runaway DC-4 at Aguadilla-Borinquen Airport, on 3 February, 1992, resulting in damage to the right wing and main spar.
* N4257U c/n 4336 Final registration - N4257U, delivered to USAF October 1954 as RC-121D 52-3418. Redesignated EC-121D 1962, converted to EC-121T but upper radome not removed. Reassigned to USAF Reserves at Homestead AFB, FL by July 1974, retired and flown to Davis Monthan AFB for storage 7 April, 1976. Reassigned to the Combat Air Museum, Topeka, KS, March 1981 as N4257U and ferried to Topeka, KS June 1981 with Frank Lang in command, presently on display at the Combat Air Museum, Topeka, Ks.
*ZS-DVH c/n 1042 (L1649A) of Trek Airways on display at OR Tambo International Airport, South Africa at the South African Airways Technical area.
*The Dutch National Aviation museum Aviodrome acquired a VC-121A Constellation. It was restored to airworthy condition and ferried from Tucson, AZ to The Netherlands, where restoration continued. It is now painted in the KLM livery of the 1950s, depicting a KLM Lockheed L-749A. Thanks to a donation by Korean Air, who donated two airworthy engines, this aircraft will be flying again summer 2008. Renamed Flevoland, this is the only flying example of the "short" version of the Constellation.
* HL4003 of former Korean National Airlines is displayed in Jeongseok Airport in Jeju island, South Korea. The current owner, Korean Air keeps this aircraft in a airworthy state. While transporting the aircraft from Seoul to its present location, it flew by itself.
* N7777G is displayed in TWA colors (although this aircraft never flew for TWA) at the Large Item Storage facility for the UK Science Museum at Wroughton, nr Swindon. It is the only UK Constellation and is viewable on certain open days. [ [http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/mus/uk/u-z/wroughton.htm UK Science Museum] ]
* Final registration N9412H (delivered as Air France's first Constellation June 1946 as L049 F-BAZA) is parked adjacent to a flight school and cafe at Greenwood Lake Airport in West Milford, New Jersey. It was sold to Frank Lembo Enterprises in May 1976 for $45,000 for use as a restaurant and lounge, and flown into the airport in July 1977. It was sold to the State of New Jersey along with the airport in 2000, and the interior was refurbished and used as a flight school office in 2005.
*Two L-1649A Super Stars N7316C c/n 1018 and N8083H c/n 1038 are parked on private land next to the Lewiston-Auburn Municipal Airport in Auburn, Maine. The two aircraft were purchased at auction by the Deutsche Lufthansa Berlin Foundation. Lufthansa Technik North America has built a hanger at the airport which will used to overhaul N7316C to airworthy condition. Target date is 10.10.2010.

pecifications (L-1049G Super Constellation)

aircraft specifications
ref="Great Aircraft of the World"Cacutt 1989, pp. 314–322. ] and "Quest for Performance" [Loftin, L.K. Jr. [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-468/cover.htm "Quest for Performance: The Evolution of Modern Aircraft. NASA SP-468".] Retrieved: 22 April, 2006.]
jet or prop?=prop
plane or copter?=plane
crew=5 flight crew, varying cabin crew
capacity=typically 62-95 passengers (109 in high-density configuration)
length main=116 ft 2 in
length alt=35.42 m
span main=126 ft 2 in
span alt=38.47 m
height main=24 ft 9 in
height alt=7.54 m
area main=1,654 ft²
area alt=153.7 m²
empty weight main=79,700 lb
empty weight alt=36,150 kg
loaded weight main=
loaded weight alt=
useful load main=65,300 lb
useful load alt=29,620 kg
max takeoff weight main=137,500 lb
max takeoff weight alt=62,370kg
more general=
Zero-lift drag coefficient:"' 0.0211
Drag area:"' 34.82 ft² (3.23 m²)
Aspect ratio:"' 9.17
engine (prop)=Wright R-3350-DA3 Turbo Compound
type of prop=18-cylinder supercharged radial engines
number of props=4
power main=3,250 hp
power alt=2,424 kW
max speed main=377 mph (607 km/h)
max speed alt=327 kt
cruise speed main=340 mph (547 km/h)
cruise speed alt=295 kt
cruise speed more=at 22,600 ft (6,890 m)
stall speed main=100 mph
stall speed alt=87 kt, 160 km/h
range main=5,400 mi
range alt=4,700 nm, 8,700 km
ceiling main=24,000 ft
ceiling alt=7,620 m
climb rate main= 1,620 ft/min
climb rate alt= 8.23 m/s
loading main=87.7 lb/ft²
loading alt=428 kg/m²
power/mass main=0.094 hp/lb
power/mass alt=155 W/kg
more performance=
Lift-to-drag ratio: 16.0

ee also

aircontent
related=
*EC-121 Warning Star
similar aircraft=
*Boeing 377
*Douglas DC-4E
*Douglas DC-6
*Douglas DC-7
*Bristol Britannia
lists=
*List of Lockheed aircraft
*List of models of the Lockheed Constellation
*List of military aircraft of the United States
*List of military aircraft of the United States (naval)
see also=
*Robert Nietzel Buck

References

Notes

Bibliography

* Boyne, Walter J. "Beyond the Horizons: The Lockheed Story". New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998. ISBN 0-31224-438-X.
* Cacutt, Len, ed. “Lockheed Constellation.” "Great Aircraft of the World". London: Marshall Cavendish, 1989. ISBN 1-85435-250-4.
* Germain, Scott E. "Lockheed Constellation and Super Constellation". North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 1998. ISBN 1-58007-000-0.
* Marson, Peter J. "The Lockheed Constellation Series". Tonbridge, UK: Air-Britain (Historians), 1982. ISBN 0-85130-100-2.
* Smith, M.J. Jr. "Passenger Airliners of the United States, 1926-1991". Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, 1986. ISBN 0-933126-72-7.
* Stringfellow, Curtis K. and Peter M. Bowers. "Lockheed Constellation: A Pictorial History". St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks, 1992. ISBN 0-87938-379-8.
* Taylor, Michael J.H., ed. “Lockheed Constellation and Super Constellation.” "Jane’s Encyclopedia of Aviation". New York: Crescent, 1993. ISBN 0-517-10316-8.
* Yenne, Bill, "Lockheed". Greenwich, Connecticut: Bison Books, 1987. ISBN 0-51760-471-X.

External links

* [http://www.lockheed.com/ Lockheed Martin official site]
* [http://www.conniesurvivors.com/index.htm#top Connie Survivors]
* [http://www.air-and-space.com/Lockheed%20Constellation%20survivors.htm Goleta Air and Space Museum: Lockheed Constellation Survivors]
* [http://www.warbirdalley.com/connie.htm Warbird Alley: Connie page]
* [http://home.planet.nl/~raaph019/constellations.html Gallery of civilian and military Lockheed Constellations worldwide and links to other galleries.]
* [http://www.airwaysmuseum.com/Lockheed%20Connie%20VH-EAB%20Qantas.htm A photograh and description of VH-EAB and two colored promotional posters for Qantas Empire Airways's Constellation services, Qantas Empire Airways Lockheed L749 Constellation VH-EAB.]
* [http://www.lht-superstar.com Restoration of Lockheed L-1649A Super Star to airworthy condition by Lufthansa Technik]
* [http://www.nla.gov.au/apps/cdview?pi=nla.pic-an23324083 One of four similar aerial photographs of VH-EAB by Frank Hurley, with brief annotation]
* [http://www.connie.com/ MATS Connie] ; aircraft [http://www.connie.com/history/specs.html specifications]
* [http://www.saveaconnie.org/ Save a Connie, Inc]
* [http://www.superconstellation.org/ Super Constellation Flyers Association]
* [http://www.chriscummings.cc/air/Musuem,%20Flights%20and%20Air%20Shows/Airline%20History%20Musuem%20(Connie,%20404)/Connie/index.html Many detailed close-up photographs of the Constellation from the Airline History Museum]
* [http://www.hars.org.au Historical Aircraft Restoration Society]
* [http://www.airfrancelasaga.com/article03.html Travelling by the Constellation. Air France clips and pictures from the 1950s (in French)]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6MTfjAQyy0 Flying aboard the Lockheed Constellation, part 1] courtesy of [http://www.youtube.com/user/Bomberguy Bomberguy]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fquT_b9OSAE&feature=related Flying aboard the Lockheed Constellation, part 2]