Serpentine (lake)

Infobox lake
lake_name = Serpentine
image_lake = Serpentine Bridge along Long Water.jpg
caption_lake = Serpentine Bridge from Kensington Gardens
image_bathymetry =
caption_bathymetry =
location = London, England
coords = coord|51|30|19|N|0|10|10|W|region:GB_type:waterbody|display=inline,title
type = artificial lake
inflow = River Westbourne
outflow = River Westbourne
catchment =
basin_countries = England
length =
width =
area =
depth =
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cities = The Serpentine (also known as the Serpentine River) is a 28 acre (11 ha) recreational lake in Hyde Park, London, England, created in 1730. Although it is common to refer to the entire body of water as the Serpentine, strictly the name refers only to the eastern half of the lake. Serpentine Bridge, which marks the boundary between Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens, also marks the western boundary of the Serpentine; the long and narrow western half of the lake is known as the Long Water. The Serpentine takes its name from its snakelike, curving shape. [cite web
title =Hyde Park & Kensington Gardens Stroll
publisher =Urban75
date =2006-11
url =http://www.urban75.org/london/hyde-park-london.html
format =
doi =
accessdate =2007-09-11 ]

Geography of the lake

Water enters the lake from the Italian Garden at the north-western end of the Long Water, where the (now buried) River Westbourne feeds a set of four ornamental fountains, which in turn flow into the lake. The Long Water runs south-east from this point to Serpentine Bridge, where the lake curves sharply to the east. At the eastern end water flows out of the lake via a sluice in the dam, forming a small ornamental waterfall. Historically, the river flowed due south from this point marking the boundary between Westminster and Kensington; since 1850, the river has been diverted into a large pipe, running underground to join the Thames near Chelsea Bridge.

The lake is relatively shallow, with a maximum depth of 40 feet (12 m). [cite book
last =Cunningham
first =Peter
title =Hand-Book of London
date =1850
location =London
url =http://www.victorianlondon.org/entertainment/hydepark.htm ]

There are two lakeside restaurants and various recreational facilities on the shore of the Serpentine, as well as the Serpentine Gallery and the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain.

History

In 1730 Queen Caroline, wife of George II, ordered the damming of the River Westbourne in Hyde Park as part of a general redevelopment of Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens.cite web
title =Hyde Park History & Architecture
publisher =The Royal Parks
date =2007
url =http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/hyde_park/history.cfm
accessdate =2007-09-05 ] At that time, the Westbourne formed eleven natural ponds in the park. During the 1730s, the lake filled to its current size and shape. The redevelopment was carried out by Royal Gardener Charles Bridgeman, who dammed the Westbourne to create the artificial lake, and also dug a large pond in the centre of Kensington Gardens (the Round Pond) to be a focal point for pathways in the park. [cite web
title =Kensington Gardens - The Queen's gardens
publisher =Royal Parks Authority
url =http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/kensington_gardens/landscape_history.cfm
accessdate =2007-09-11 ]

At the time of construction, artificial lakes were long and straight. The Serpentine was one of the earliest artificial lakes designed to appear natural,cite web
title =Hyde Park: Park of Pleasure
publisher =The Royal Parks
date =2007
url =http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/hyde_park/landscape_history.cfm
accessdate =2007-09-05 ] and was widely imitated in parks and gardens nationwide.

The lake achieved notoriety in December 1816 when Harriet Westbrook, the pregnant wife of the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, was found drowned in the Serpentine [cite web
last =Ford
first =David Nash
title =Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)
publisher =Royal Berkshire History
date =2005
url =http://www.berkshirehistory.com/bios/pbshelley.html
accessdate =2007-09-05 ] having left a suicide note addressed to her father, sister and husband. [cite web
title =Harriet Shelley
publisher =University of Pennsylvania
url =http://www.english.upenn.edu/Projects/knarf/People/hshelley.html
accessdate =2007-09-05 ] Shelley married Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin less than two weeks later.

The lake formed a focal point for the 1814 celebrations commemorating the British victory at Trafalgar, and of the 1851 Great Exhibition, with The Crystal Palace standing on its southern shore. Following the introduction of more stringent regulations to protect the environment in the park, the relocation of the Crystal Palace, and the construction of the nearby Albertopolis complex of museums and exhibitions, large-scale events ceased to take place on the banks of the Serpentine. However, it was the location for the 1977 Silver Jubilee celebrations, and will serve as a venue for the 2012 Olympics.cite web
last =Henry
first =Connie
title =Where the Olympic Events Would Take Place
publisher =BBC
url =http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/sport/olympics/venues.shtml
accessdate =2007-09-05 ]

In the 1820s, the park was extensively redesigned by Decimus Burton. At the same time, John Rennie built the Serpentine Bridge to carry the newly built West Carriage Drive along the boundary between Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens, formally dividing the lake into the Serpentine (east) and the Long Water (west).

The Long Water

At the northern end of the Long Water, the Westbourne River feeds the four fountains which in turn feed the lake. Surrounded by classical statuary and sculpture, the area is officially known as the Italian Gardens. [Citation
last =Banister
first =Len
title =Princess Diana memorial walk
newspaper =Guardian Series News
year =2007
date =2007-08-14
url =http://www.guardian-series.co.uk/leisure/walks/display.var.1617624.0.princess_diana_memorial_walk_seven_miles_part_two.php ] A large bronze memorial to Edward Jenner, the developer of modern vaccination, dominates the area; it was originally located in Trafalgar Square in 1858, but four years later was moved to its present site. [cite web
last =Fraser Harris
first =Professor D
title =Edward Jenner and Vaccination
publisher =World Wide School
url =http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/tech/medicine/EdwardJennerAndVaccination/Chap1.html
accessdate =2007-09-11 ] In recent years there has been an ongoing campaign for the memorial to be moved to the empty plinth in Trafalgar Square. [cite journal
last =Huntley
first =J
title =Putting Jenner back in his place
journal =The Lancet
volume =362
issue =9399
pages =1942
url =http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673603149884
accessdate =2007-09-11
doi =10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14988-4
year =2003 ] [cite web
title =The Inaugural Romantic Science Day-School
publisher =Bristol University
date =2007
url =http://www.bris.ac.uk/romanticstudies/events/jennerproceedings.html
accessdate =2007-09-11 ]

The Long Water is surrounded by dense overgrowth for much of its length, and is relatively undeveloped in comparison to the Serpentine. Due to its undisturbed nature, it forms a significant wildlife habitat and is designated as a bird sanctuary. [cite web
title =Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens
publisher =Greater London Authority
date =2007
url =http://www.london.gov.uk/wildweb/PublicSiteViewFull.do?pictureno=1&siteid=7580
accessdate =2007-09-11 ] A 2005 survey showed it as home to 90 species of moth alone. [cite web
last =Reeve
first =Dr Nigel
title =Managing for Biodiversity in London’s Royal Parks
publisher =Gresham College
date =2006-10-09
url =http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?EventId=482&PageId=108
accessdate =2007-09-11 ] On the western bank of the Long Water, deliberately hidden in foliage, is a bronze sculpture of Peter Pan by George Frampton.Citation
last =Gill
first =A.A.
author-link =A. A. Gill
title =Summer in the city: Hyde Park
newspaper =The Times
pages =
year =2007
date =2007-08-19
url =http://travel.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/travel/destinations/england/article2264820.ece ] The "real world" elements of the play and novel were set in the park and in the surrounding streets.

The Serpentine

Recreation

wimming

A rectangular swimming area on the southern bank was opened in 1930. It is known as Lansbury's Lido, and is partitioned off from the rest of the lake by a perimeter of buoys. There is a fee for entering the lido, and changing rooms are available. It is now normally open only in the summer, typically between 10:00 and 17:30.

The Serpentine will be used for the swimming leg of the triathlon at the London 2012 Olympics.

The Peter Pan Cup

Since 1864, the Serpentine has hosted a 100 yard (91.4 m) swimming competition every Christmas morning at 9 am. In 1904, author J. M. Barrie awarded the Peter Pan Cup to the winner of the race, a tradition which has continued ever since. Due to the hazards of swimming in frozen water, the race is open only to members of the Serpentine Swimming Club. [cite web
title =The Peter Pan Cup Christmas Morning Handicap Swim
publisher =Serpentine Swimming Club
url =http://www.serpentineswimmingclub.com/christmas_day_race.htm
accessdate =2007-09-05 ]

Boating

Rowing boats are available for hire. In 2002, the Serpentine hosted the World Rowing Sprints, in which several international crews raced over 547 yards (500 m).

The Solarshuttle

In the summer months, the "Solarshuttle" solar powered boat ferries passengers between the northern and southern banks of the Serpentine. At 48 feet (14 m) long and carrying 42 passengers, it is the largest wholly solar powered passenger boat currently operating in the UK. [cite web
title =Serpentine solar boat to set sail
publisher =BBC News
date =2006-07-18
url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/5189318.stm
accessdate =2007-09-05 ]

Landmarks

London's Holocaust Memorial is situated at the eastern end of the Serpentine, immediately beyond the dam, and a memorial on the northern shore of the lake commemorates the Norwegian Defence Forces' role in World War II.

The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain is sited on the southern shore of the Serpentine near West Carriage Drive. It currently receives approximately one million visitors per year. [cite web
title =Hyde Park
publisher =Greater London Authority
url =http://www.yourlondon.gov.uk/parks/featuredpark/hydepark.jsp
accessdate =2007-09-05 ]

Ranger's Lodge, immediately to the north of the lake, was the former head office of the Royal Parks Constabulary. Following the RPC's abolition in 2004, it is now the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service's Royal Parks Operational Command Unit, although as with the rest of the MPS, command and control of day-to-day incidents has been centralised to the Metcall complex.

The Serpentine Gallery, one of London's leading art galleries, is not in fact located on the Serpentine, but in Kensington Gardens, on the western side of West Carriage Drive immediately south of the Long Water.

The Rose Gardens at the southeastern corner of the Serpentine have in recent years become a popular meeting place for London's gay community. [cite web
title =Police Help Park Cruisers
publisher =Rainbow Network
date =2007-08-16
url =http://www.rainbownetwork.com/Nightlife/detail.asp?iData=28228&iChannel=18&nChannel=Nightlife
accessdate =2007-09-02 ] It has been alleged that their popularity as a cottaging location is due to their proximity to Hyde Park Barracks.

Image gallery

Hyde Park Barracks.
brutalist architecture of the Dell restaurant, situated on the northern end of the dam, dominates the eastern end of the lake.
Cormorants fishing from posts in the Long Water

External links

* [http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/hyde_park/ Hyde Park & the Serpentine official home page]
* [http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/kensington_gardens/ Kensington Gardens and the Long Water official home page]
* [http://www.solarshuttle.org/ Solarshuttle]
* [http://www.urban75.org/vista/serpentine.html 360° panorama of the Serpentine]

References