Arizona Tewa

The Arizona Tewa (also Hopi-Tewa, Tano, Southern Tewa, Hano, Thano) are a Tewa Pueblo group that resides on the eastern part of the Hopi Reservation on or near First Mesa in northeastern Arizona.

ynonymy

The name "Tano" is a Spanish borrowing of an older Arizona Tewa autonym "t^háánu tééwa". "Tano" is often encountered in the anthropological literature referring to the ancestors of the Arizona Tewa before they relocated to Hopi territory. The name "Hano", similarly, is a borrowing of "t^háánu" into Hopi as "hááno", "háánòwɨ", which was then Anglicized. "Hano" in English also refers to Tewa Village, one of the main Arizona Tewa settlements. Other historical names include "Tamos", "Tamones", "Atmues", "Tanos", "Thanos", "Tagnos", "Janos". "Tewa" is the preferred autonym (over "Hano", "Tano", and "Hopi-Tewa").

History

The Arizona Tewa are related to the Tewa communities living in the Rio Grande Valley, such as Santa Clara and San Juan. They moved from the Galisteo Basin Pueblo area of New Mexico following the second Pueblo Revolt of 1696. The main settlements are Tewa Village (Hano) and Polacca which are located in Navajo County, Arizona (55 miles north of Winslow). A smaller community is based in Keams Canyon Hopi governmental center.

The long contact with Hopi peoples has led to similarities in social structure with their kinship system and their organization to clans being almost identical with the Hopi (the other Tanoan Pueblo groups do not have clans). However, the Tewa dual moiety has been preserved.

Language

Many Arizona Tewa are trilingual in Tewa, Hopi, and English. Some speakers also speak Spanish and/or Navajo. Arizona Tewa is a variety of the Tewa language of Kiowa-Tanoan stock that has been influenced by Hopi (which is an unrelated Uto-Aztecan language). Arizona Tewa and the forms of Rio Grande Tewa in New Mexico are mutually intelligible with difficulty.

What is remarkable about this speech community is that the influence of the Hopi language on Arizona Tewa is extremely small in terms of vocabulary. Arizona Tewa speakers, although they are trilingual, maintain a strict separation of the languages (see also ). These attitudes of linguistic purism may be compared with other Tewa speech communities in New Mexico where there has been very little borrowing from Spanish even though the Tewa and Spanish have had long periods of contact and the Tewa were also bilingual in Tewa and Spanish.

Traditionally, the Arizona Tewa were translators for Hopi leaders and thus also had command of Spanish and Navajo. This contrasts with the Hopi who generally can not speak Tewa (although they may have limited proficiency in Navajo).

ee also

* Tewa
* Pueblo Revolt
* Tewa language
* Hopi
* Pueblo people
* Hopi Reservation

External links

* Encyclopedia of North American Indians: [http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_031600_pueblolangua.htm Pueblo Languages]
* Encyclopedia of North American Indians: [http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_031500_puebloriogra.htm Pueblo, Rio Grande]

Bibliography

* Dozier, Edward P. (1951). Resistance to acculturation and assimilation in an Indian pueblo. "American Anthropolgist", "53" (1), 56-66.
* Dozier, Edward P. (1954). "The Hopi-Tewa of Arizona". Berkeley: University of California.
* Dozier, Edward P. (1956a). Two examples of linguistic acculturation: The Yaqui of Sonora and Arizona and the Tewa of New Mexico. "Language", "32" (1), 146-157.
* Dozier, Edward P. (1956b). The role of the Hopi-Tewa migration legend in reinforcing cultural patterns and prescribing social behavior. "The Journal of American Folklore", "69" (272), 176-180.
* Dozier, Edward P. (1960). The pueblos of the south-western United States. "The Journal of Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland", "90" (1), 146-160.
* Kroskrity, Paul V. (2000). Language ideologies in the expression and representation of Arizona Tewa identity. In P. V. Kroskrity (Ed.), "Regimes of language: Ideologies, polities, and identities" (pp. 329-359). Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
* Stanislawski, Michael B. (1979). Hopi-Tewa. In A. Ortiz (Ed.), "Southwest" (pp. 587-602). W. C. Sturtevant (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 9). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.