Gibraltar real

The real was the official currency of Gibraltar until 1825 and continued to circulate alongside other Spanish and British currencies until 1898.

History

After the British occupied Gibraltar in 1704, the Spanish real continued to circulate in the colony. However, no distinction was made between the silver (de plata) and billon (de vellón) reales issued by the Spanish (1 "real de plata" = 2 "reales de vellón" before 1737, 2½ after), providing a substantial profit for the army officers making payments to troops.

In 1741, the following rates of exchange were established: 2 "blancas" = "1 maravedi", 4 "maravedíes" = 1 "quarto" or "quart", 16 quartos = 1 real de vellón, 8 reales de vellón = 1 "peso sencillo" ("current" dollar), 10 reales de vellón = 1 "peso fuerte" ("hard" dollar, also known as the "Spanish dollar"). These roughly doubled the value of the real de vellón relative to its value in Spain. Much of the currency in circulation was in the form of copper coins, since the low value of silver coins relative to billon lead to most silver being exported from Gibraltar to Spain. Copper merchants' tokens denominated in quarts were issued between 1802 and 1820.

In 1825, the relative values of the various circulating coins were revised and pegged to the British pound. The real de plata was subdivided into 24 quarts, valuing the real de plata at 96 maravedíes compared to 85 in Spain. The Spanish dollar was valued at 4 shillings and 4 pence and British silver coins were imported. However, because this rating of the dollar was too high, British silver coins could not circulate, although British coppers did, with an informal valuation of 1 quart = 1 farthing (actually 1 quart = 1fraction|1|12 farthings). This discrepancy was also exploited to the profit of army officers making payments to troops.

In 1842, coins were issued in ½, 1 and 2 quarts denominations. A total of 387,072 quarts worth of coins were issued (equal to 2016 dollars or £436 16s), allowing soldiers wages to be paid in quarts rather than pence. Other coins continued to circulate, however, and it was not until 1898, by which time Spain had undergone several currency reforms, that the pound was introduced as the sole currency of the colony, initially in the form of British coins and banknotes.

Tokens, 1802-1820

Traders' currency tokens were issued in Gibraltar between 1802 and 1820 by Robert Keeling, Richard Cattons, and James Spittles. There were two denominations - 1 Quart (or Quarto) and 2 Quarts (or 2 Quartos).

Robert Keeling's issues

Coins, 1842

Note that proofs of these coins were also issued in 1860 and 1861.

References

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* Gibraltar Heritage Journal (Issue No 2, Published in 1994) "The Currency and Coinage of Gibraltar in the 18th and 19th centuries" by Richard Garcia

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